<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0340)https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA -->
<html class=" js no-touch svg inlinesvg svgclippaths no-ie8compat js no-touch svg inlinesvg svgclippaths no-ie8compat dk_fouc" lang="en"><!--<![endif]--><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/5648947972"></script><script src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/nr-1169.min.js.Download"></script><script src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/11.1.68.js.Download" type="text/javascript" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/shares.json"></script><script src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/2529.js.Download" async="" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/analytics.js.Download"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/js"></script><script src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/2529.js(1).Download" async="" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/1.txt"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/1(1).txt"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/moatframe.js.Download"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/ec.js.Download"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/analytics.js.Download"></script><script async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/fbevents.js.Download"></script><script async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/gtm.js.Download"></script><script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
</script>
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MXMG453');</script>
<meta name="p:domain_verify" content="282442bb6520e445ad1ffb0d81f8c524">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9, chrome=1"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"5648947972",applicationID:"188665667"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,n,t){function r(t){if(!n[t]){var i=n[t]={exports:{}};e[t][0].call(i.exports,function(n){var i=e[t][1][n];return r(i||n)},i,i.exports)}return n[t].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var i=0;i<t.length;i++)r(t[i]);return r}({1:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function i(e,n,t){return function(){return o(e,[u.now()].concat(f(arguments)),n?null:this,t),n?void 0:this}}var o=e("handle"),a=e(4),f=e(5),c=e("ee").get("tracer"),u=e("loader"),s=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=s);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",d=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(e,n){s[n]=i(l+n,!0,"api")}),s.addPageAction=i(l+"addPageAction",!0),s.setCurrentRouteName=i(l+"routeName",!0),n.exports=newrelic,s.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(e,n){var t={},r=this,i="function"==typeof n;return o(d+"tracer",[u.now(),e,t],r),function(){if(c.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[u.now(),r,i],t),i)try{return n.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],t),e}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[u.now()],t)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(e,n){m[n]=i(d+n)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(e,n){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),o("err",[e,u.now(),!1,n])}},{}],2:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){var t=e.getEntries();t.forEach(function(e){"first-paint"===e.name?c("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&c("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)])})}function i(e,n){var t=e.getEntries();t.length>0&&c("lcp",[t[t.length-1]])}function o(e){if(e instanceof s&&!l){var n,t=Math.round(e.timeStamp);n=t>1e12?Date.now()-t:u.now()-t,l=!0,c("timing",["fi",t,{type:e.type,fid:n}])}}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var a,f,c=e("handle"),u=e("loader"),s=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){a=new PerformanceObserver(r),f=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{a.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]}),f.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(p){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var l=!1,d=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];d.forEach(function(e){document.addEventListener(e,o,!1)})}}},{}],3:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){if(!i)return!1;if(e!==i)return!1;if(!n)return!0;if(!o)return!1;for(var t=o.split("."),r=n.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==t[a])return!1;return!0}var i=null,o=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var f=navigator.userAgent,c=f.match(a);c&&f.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&f.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(i="Safari",o=c[1])}n.exports={agent:i,version:o,match:r}},{}],4:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n){var t=[],r="",o=0;for(r in e)i.call(e,r)&&(t[o]=n(r,e[r]),o+=1);return t}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],5:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){n||(n=0),"undefined"==typeof t&&(t=e?e.length:0);for(var r=-1,i=t-n||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++r<i;)o[r]=e[n+r];return o}n.exports=r},{}],6:[function(e,n,t){n.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(e,n,t){function r(){}function i(e){function n(e){return e&&e instanceof r?e:e?c(e,f,o):o()}function t(t,r,i,o){if(!l.aborted||o){e&&e(t,r,i);for(var a=n(i),f=v(t),c=f.length,u=0;u<c;u++)f[u].apply(a,r);var p=s[y[t]];return p&&p.push([b,t,r,a]),a}}function d(e,n){h[e]=v(e).concat(n)}function m(e,n){var t=h[e];if(t)for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++)t[r]===n&&t.splice(r,1)}function v(e){return h[e]||[]}function g(e){return p[e]=p[e]||i(t)}function w(e,n){u(e,function(e,t){n=n||"feature",y[t]=n,n in s||(s[n]=[])})}var h={},y={},b={on:d,addEventListener:d,removeEventListener:m,emit:t,get:g,listeners:v,context:n,buffer:w,abort:a,aborted:!1};return b}function o(){return new r}function a(){(s.api||s.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,s=l.backlog={})}var f="nr@context",c=e("gos"),u=e(4),s={},p={},l=n.exports=i();l.backlog=s},{}],gos:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t){if(i.call(e,n))return e[n];var r=t();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,n,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(o){}return e[n]=r,r}var i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(e,n,t){function r(e,n,t,r){i.buffer([e],r),i.emit(e,n,t)}var i=e("ee").get("handle");n.exports=r,r.ee=i},{}],id:[function(e,n,t){function r(e){var n=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==n&&"function"!==n?-1:e===window?0:a(e,o,function(){return i++})}var i=1,o="nr@id",a=e("gos");n.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(e,n,t){function r(){if(!x++){var e=E.info=NREUM.info,n=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(s.abort,3e4),!(e&&e.licenseKey&&e.applicationID&&n))return s.abort();u(y,function(n,t){e[n]||(e[n]=t)}),c("mark",["onload",a()+E.offset],null,"api");var t=d.createElement("script");t.src="https://"+e.agent,n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n)}}function i(){"complete"===d.readyState&&o()}function o(){c("mark",["domContent",a()+E.offset],null,"api")}function a(){return O.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(f=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),f))-E.offset}var f=(new Date).getTime(),c=e("handle"),u=e(4),s=e("ee"),p=e(3),l=window,d=l.document,m="addEventListener",v="attachEvent",g=l.XMLHttpRequest,w=g&&g.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:l.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:l.Request,EV:l.Event,PR:l.Promise,MO:l.MutationObserver};var h=""+location,y={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1169.min.js"},b=g&&w&&w[m]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),E=n.exports={offset:f,now:a,origin:h,features:{},xhrWrappable:b,userAgent:p};e(1),e(2),d[m]?(d[m]("DOMContentLoaded",o,!1),l[m]("load",r,!1)):(d[v]("onreadystatechange",i),l[v]("onload",r)),c("mark",["firstbyte",f],null,"api");var x=0,O=e(6)},{}],"wrap-function":[function(e,n,t){function r(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[a])}var i=e("ee"),o=e(5),a="nr@original",f=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,c=!1;n.exports=function(e,n){function t(e,n,t,i){function nrWrapper(){var r,a,f,c;try{a=this,r=o(arguments),f="function"==typeof t?t(r,a):t||{}}catch(u){l([u,"",[r,a,i],f])}s(n+"start",[r,a,i],f);try{return c=e.apply(a,r)}catch(p){throw s(n+"err",[r,a,p],f),p}finally{s(n+"end",[r,a,c],f)}}return r(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[a]=e,p(e,nrWrapper),nrWrapper)}function u(e,n,i,o){i||(i="");var a,f,c,u="-"===i.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<n.length;c++)f=n[c],a=e[f],r(a)||(e[f]=t(a,u?f+i:i,o,f))}function s(t,r,i){if(!c||n){var o=c;c=!0;try{e.emit(t,r,i,n)}catch(a){l([a,t,r,i])}c=o}}function p(e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var t=Object.keys(e);return t.forEach(function(t){Object.defineProperty(n,t,{get:function(){return e[t]},set:function(n){return e[t]=n,n}})}),n}catch(r){l([r])}for(var i in e)f.call(e,i)&&(n[i]=e[i]);return n}function l(n){try{e.emit("internal-error",n)}catch(t){}}return e||(e=i),t.inPlace=u,t.flag=a,t}},{}]},{},["loader"]);</script>
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<title>Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics | Grammar and syntax | Cambridge University Press</title>
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge, chrome=1">
<script type="text/javascript">
var CCM_DISPATCHER_FILENAME = '';
var CCM_CID = 2139;
var CCM_EDIT_MODE = false;
var CCM_ARRANGE_MODE = false;
var CCM_IMAGE_PATH = "/at/concrete/images";
var CCM_TOOLS_PATH = "/at/tools/required";
var CCM_BASE_URL = "https://www.cambridge.org";
var CCM_REL = "/at";
var KK_MINI_CART = "//www.cambridge.org/wm-ecommerce-web/ws/getItems";
var VISTA_SERVICE_REGION = "C";
var IS_KK_ASIA = "1";
var IS_KK_AUS = "1";
var CURRENT_SITE = "academic";
var GTM_CURRENT_THEME = "academic";
var VYRE_BASKET = "//www.cambridge.org/wm-ecommerce-web/academic/cart";
var IS_KK_ACS_ENABLED = "0";
if (window.dataLayer !== undefined) {
window.dataLayer.push({"stream": GTM_CURRENT_THEME});
}
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var CWS_ECOMMERCE_ENABLED = true;
if (CWS_ECOMMERCE_ENABLED) {
var Locale = {
countryCode: "AT",
countryName: "Austria",
currencyCode: "GBP",
currencySymbol: "£",
region: "C"
};
}
</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/ccm.base.css" type="text/css">
<script src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/jquery.js.Download" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/ccm.base.js.Download" type="text/javascript"></script>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.cambridge.org/files/7413/5946/5646/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.cambridge.org/files/7413/5946/5646/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
<script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/academic_header.min.js.Download"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/academic_title.header.min.css">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:title" content="Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics | Grammar and syntax">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Cambridge University Press">
<script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/form.js.Download"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/form.min.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/bootstrapPaging.js.Download"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/bootstrapPaging.css">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/mini-cart.css">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.cambridge.org/packages/cambridge_themes/images/favicons/touch-icon-iphone-retina-precomposed.png">
<link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/af/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-af"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ax/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ax"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/al/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-al"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/dz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-dz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/as/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-as"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ad/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ad"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ao/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ao"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ai/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ai"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/aq/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-aq"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ag/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ag"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ar/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ar"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/am/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-am"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/aw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-aw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/au/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-au"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-at"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/az/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-az"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bs/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bs"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bh/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bh"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bd/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bd"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bb"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/by/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-by"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/be/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-be"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bj/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bj"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bo/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bo"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ba/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ba"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bv/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bv"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/br/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-br"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/io/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-io"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/vg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-vg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/bi/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-bi"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kh/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kh"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ca/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ca"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cv/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cv"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ky/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ky"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/td/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-td"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cl/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cl"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cx/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cx"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/co/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-co"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/km/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-km"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cd/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cd"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ck/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ck"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ci/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ci"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/hr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-hr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cy/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cy"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-cz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/dk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-dk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/dj/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-dj"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/dm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-dm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/do/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-do"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ec/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ec"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/eg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-eg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sv/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sv"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gq/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gq"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/er/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-er"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ee/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ee"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/et/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-et"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/fk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-fk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/fo/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-fo"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/fj/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-fj"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/fi/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-fi"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-fr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ga/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ga"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ge/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ge"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/de/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-de"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gh/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gh"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gi/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gi"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gl/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gl"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gd/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gd"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gp/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gp"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gy/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gy"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ht/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ht"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/hm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-hm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/hn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-hn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/hk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-hk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/hu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-hu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/is/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-is"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-in"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/id/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-id"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/iq/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-iq"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ie/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ie"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/im/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-im"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/il/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-il"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/it/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-it"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/jm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-jm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/jp/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-jp"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/je/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-je"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/jo/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-jo"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ke/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ke"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ki/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ki"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/la/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-la"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lv/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lv"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lb"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ls/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ls"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ly/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ly"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/li/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-li"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mo/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mo"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/my/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-my"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mv/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mv"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ml/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ml"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mh/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mh"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mq/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mq"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/yt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-yt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mx/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mx"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/fm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-fm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/md/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-md"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/me/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-me"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ms/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ms"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ma/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ma"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/na/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-na"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/nr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-nr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/np/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-np"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/nl/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-nl"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/an/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-an"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/nc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-nc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/nz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-nz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ni/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ni"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ne/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ne"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ng/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ng"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/nu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-nu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/nf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-nf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/mp/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-mp"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/no/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-no"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/om/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-om"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ps/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ps"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pa/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pa"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/py/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-py"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pe/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pe"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ph/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ph"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pl/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pl"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/qa/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-qa"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/re/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-re"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ro/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ro"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ru/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ru"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/rw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-rw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sh/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sh"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/pm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-pm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/vc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-vc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ws/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ws"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/st/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-st"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sa/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sa"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/rs/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-rs"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sl/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sl"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/si/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-si"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sb"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/so/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-so"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/za/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-za"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gs/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gs"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/kr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-kr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/es/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-es"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/lk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-lk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sj/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sj"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/sz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-sz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/se/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-se"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ch/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ch"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tj/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tj"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/th/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-th"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tl/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tl"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tg/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tg"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tk/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tk"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/to/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-to"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tt/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tt"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tr/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tr"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tc/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tc"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/tv/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-tv"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/um/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-um"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/vi/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-vi"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ug/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ug"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ua/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ua"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ae/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ae"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-gb"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-us"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/uy/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-uy"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/uz/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-uz"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/vu/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-vu"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/va/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-va"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ve/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ve"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/vn/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-vn"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/wf/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-wf"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/eh/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-eh"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ye/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-ye"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/zm/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-zm"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/zw/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="en-zw"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics" hreflang="x-default"><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax">
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
$('#2139').addClass('current');
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var CCP_ENABLED = 1;
</script>
<script type="application/ld+json">
{
"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/",
"@type":"Book",
"@id":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/academic\/subjects\/languages-linguistics\/grammar-and-syntax\/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&isbn=9781107021228",
"name":"Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics",
"image":"http:\/\/assets.cambridge.org\/97811070\/21228\/cover\/9781107021228.jpg",
"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/assets.cambridge.org\/97811070\/21228\/thumb\/9781107021228t.jpg",
"isbn":"9781107021228",
"numberOfPages":0,
"description":"What do we mean when we say things like 'If only we knew what he was up to!' Clearly this is more than just a message, or a question to our addressee. We are expressing simultaneously that we don't know, and also that we wish to know. Several modes of encoding contribute to such modalities of expression: word order, subordinating subjunctions, sentences that are subordinated but nevertheless occur autonomously, and attitudinal discourse adverbs which, far beyond lexical adverbials of modality, allow the speaker and the listener to presuppose full agreement, partial agreement under presupposed conditions, or negotiation of common ground. This state of the art survey proposes a new model of modality, drawing on data from a variety of Germanic and Slavic languages to find out what is cross-linguistically universal about modality, and to argue that it is a constitutive part of human cognition.",
"publisher":{
"@type":"Organization",
"name":"Cambridge University Press"
},
"datePublished":"2020-09-17",
"bookFormat":"http:\/\/schema.org\/Hardcover",
"author":[
{
"@type":"Person",
"name":"Werner Abraham",
"affiliation":{
"@type":"Organization",
"name":"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands"
}
}
],
"offers":{
"@type":"Offer",
"availability":"InStock",
"price":"85.00",
"priceCurrency":"GBP"
}
} </script>
<script>!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){
if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};
if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script',
'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init', '1536692386342783'); fbq('track', 'PageView');
</script>
<noscript>
<img height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1536692386342783&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/>
</noscript>
<style type="text/css">.at-icon{fill:#fff;border:0}.at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden}a .at-icon-wrapper{cursor:pointer}.at-rounded,.at-rounded-element .at-icon-wrapper{border-radius:12%}.at-circular,.at-circular-element .at-icon-wrapper{border-radius:50%}.addthis_32x32_style .at-icon{width:2pc;height:2pc}.addthis_24x24_style .at-icon{width:24px;height:24px}.addthis_20x20_style .at-icon{width:20px;height:20px}.addthis_16x16_style .at-icon{width:1pc;height:1pc}#at16lb{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1001;background-color:#000;opacity:.001}#at_complete,#at_error,#at_share,#at_success{position:static!important}.at15dn{display:none}#at15s,#at16p,#at16p form input,#at16p label,#at16p textarea,#at_share .at_item{font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif!important;font-size:9pt!important;outline-style:none;outline-width:0;line-height:1em}* html #at15s.mmborder{position:absolute!important}#at15s.mmborder{position:fixed!important;width:250px!important}#at15s{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);float:none;line-height:1em;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:5px;text-align:left;position:absolute}#at15s a,#at15s span{outline:0;direction:ltr;text-transform:none}#at15s .at-label{margin-left:5px}#at15s .at-icon-wrapper{width:1pc;height:1pc;vertical-align:middle}#at15s .at-icon{width:1pc;height:1pc}.at4-icon{display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:top left;margin:0;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer}.addthis_16x16_style .at4-icon,.addthis_default_style .at4-icon,.at4-icon,.at-16x16{width:1pc;height:1pc;line-height:1pc;background-size:1pc!important}.addthis_32x32_style .at4-icon,.at-32x32{width:2pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background-size:2pc!important}.addthis_24x24_style .at4-icon,.at-24x24{width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px;background-size:24px!important}.addthis_20x20_style .at4-icon,.at-20x20{width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;background-size:20px!important}.at4-icon.circular,.circular .at4-icon,.circular.aticon{border-radius:50%}.at4-icon.rounded,.rounded .at4-icon{border-radius:4px}.at4-icon-left{float:left}#at15s .at4-icon{text-indent:20px;padding:0;overflow:visible;white-space:nowrap;background-size:1pc;width:1pc;height:1pc;background-position:top left;display:inline-block;line-height:1pc}.addthis_vertical_style .at4-icon,.at4-follow-container .at4-icon{margin-right:5px}html>body #at15s{width:250px!important}#at15s.atm{background:none!important;padding:0!important;width:10pc!important}#at15s_inner{background:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;margin:0}#at15s_head{position:relative;background:#f2f2f2;padding:4px;cursor:default;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}.at15s_head_success{background:#cafd99!important;border-bottom:1px solid #a9d582!important}.at15s_head_success a,.at15s_head_success span{color:#000!important;text-decoration:none}#at15s_brand,#at15sptx,#at16_brand{position:absolute}#at15s_brand{top:4px;right:4px}.at15s_brandx{right:20px!important}a#at15sptx{top:4px;right:4px;text-decoration:none;color:#4c4c4c;font-weight:700}#at15sptx:hover{text-decoration:underline}#at16_brand{top:5px;right:30px;cursor:default}#at_hover{padding:4px}#at_hover .at_item,#at_share .at_item{background:#fff!important;float:left!important;color:#4c4c4c!important}#at_share .at_item .at-icon-wrapper{margin-right:5px}#at_hover .at_bold{font-weight:700;color:#000!important}#at_hover .at_item{width:7pc!important;padding:2px 3px!important;margin:1px;text-decoration:none!important}#at_hover .at_item.athov,#at_hover .at_item:focus,#at_hover .at_item:hover{margin:0!important}#at_hover .at_item.athov,#at_hover .at_item:focus,#at_hover .at_item:hover,#at_share .at_item.athov,#at_share .at_item:hover{background:#f2f2f2!important;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;color:#000!important;text-decoration:none}.ipad #at_hover .at_item:focus{background:#fff!important;border:1px solid #fff}.at15t{display:block!important;height:1pc!important;line-height:1pc!important;padding-left:20px!important;background-position:0 0;text-align:left}.addthis_button,.at15t{cursor:pointer}.addthis_toolbox a.at300b,.addthis_toolbox a.at300m{width:auto}.addthis_toolbox a{margin-bottom:5px;line-height:initial}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style{width:200px}.addthis_button_facebook_like .fb_iframe_widget{line-height:100%}.addthis_button_facebook_like iframe.fb_iframe_widget_lift{max-width:none}.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_counter,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_like,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_send,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_share,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_foursquare,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_linkedin_counter,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_pinterest_pinit,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_tweet{display:inline-block}.addthis_toolbox span.addthis_follow_label{display:none}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style span.addthis_follow_label{display:block;white-space:nowrap}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style a{display:block}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style.addthis_32x32_style a{line-height:2pc;height:2pc}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style .at300bs{margin-right:4px;float:left}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_20x20_style span{line-height:20px}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_32x32_style span{line-height:2pc}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style .addthis_button_compact .at15t_compact,.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style a{float:left}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style a.addthis_button_tweet{margin-top:-2px}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style .addthis_button_compact .at15t_compact{margin-right:4px}.addthis_default_style .addthis_separator{margin:0 5px;display:inline}div.atclear{clear:both}.addthis_default_style .addthis_separator,.addthis_default_style .at4-icon,.addthis_default_style .at300b,.addthis_default_style .at300bo,.addthis_default_style .at300bs,.addthis_default_style .at300m{float:left}.at300b img,.at300bo img{border:0}a.at300b .at4-icon,a.at300m .at4-icon{display:block}.addthis_default_style .at300b,.addthis_default_style .at300bo,.addthis_default_style .at300m{padding:0 2px}.at300b,.at300bo,.at300bs,.at300m{cursor:pointer}.addthis_button_facebook_like.at300b:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_like.at300bs:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_send.at300b:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_send.at300bs:hover{opacity:1}.addthis_20x20_style .at15t,.addthis_20x20_style .at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;height:20px!important;width:20px!important;line-height:20px!important}.addthis_32x32_style .at15t,.addthis_32x32_style .at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;height:2pc!important;width:2pc!important;line-height:2pc!important}.at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;background-position:0 0;height:1pc;width:1pc;line-height:1pc!important}.addthis_default_style .at15t_compact,.addthis_default_style .at15t_expanded{margin-right:4px}#at_share .at_item{width:123px!important;padding:4px;margin-right:2px;border:1px solid #fff}#at16p{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);z-index:10000001;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;width:300px;padding:10px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-185px;margin-left:-155px;font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;color:#5e5e5e}#at_share{margin:0;padding:0}#at16pt{position:relative;background:#f2f2f2;height:13px;padding:5px 10px}#at16pt a,#at16pt h4{font-weight:700}#at16pt h4{display:inline;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:9pt;color:#4c4c4c;cursor:default}#at16pt a{position:absolute;top:5px;right:10px;color:#4c4c4c;text-decoration:none;padding:2px}#at15sptx:focus,#at16pt a:focus{outline:thin dotted}#at15s #at16pf a{top:1px}#_atssh{width:1px!important;height:1px!important;border:0!important}.atm{width:10pc!important;padding:0;margin:0;line-height:9pt;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;color:#444;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);padding:4px}.atm-f{text-align:right;border-top:1px solid #ddd;padding:5px 8px}.atm-i{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d5d6d6;padding:0;margin:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.15)}.atm-s{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.atm-s a:focus{border:transparent;outline:0;transition:none}#at_hover.atm-s a,.atm-s a{display:block;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 10px;color:#235dab!important;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;transition:none}#at_hover.atm-s .at_bold{color:#235dab!important}#at_hover.atm-s a:hover,.atm-s a:hover{background:#2095f0;text-decoration:none;color:#fff!important}#at_hover.atm-s .at_bold{font-weight:700}#at_hover.atm-s a:hover .at_bold{color:#fff!important}.atm-s a .at-label{vertical-align:middle;margin-left:5px;direction:ltr}.at_PinItButton{display:block;width:40px;height:20px;padding:0;margin:0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/t00/pinit00.png);background-repeat:no-repeat}.at_PinItButton:hover{background-position:0 -20px}.addthis_toolbox .addthis_button_pinterest_pinit{position:relative}.at-share-tbx-element .fb_iframe_widget span{vertical-align:baseline!important}#at16pf{height:auto;text-align:right;padding:4px 8px}.at-privacy-info{position:absolute;left:7px;bottom:7px;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;line-height:9pt;letter-spacing:.2px;color:#666}.at-privacy-info:hover{color:#000}.body .wsb-social-share .wsb-social-share-button-vert{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.body .wsb-social-share.addthis_counter_style .addthis_button_tweet.wsb-social-share-button{padding-top:40px}.body .wsb-social-share.addthis_counter_style .addthis_button_facebook_like.wsb-social-share-button{padding-top:21px}@media print{#at4-follow,#at4-share,#at4-thankyou,#at4-whatsnext,#at4m-mobile,#at15s,.at4,.at4-recommended{display:none!important}}@media screen and (max-width:400px){.at4win{width:100%}}@media screen and (max-height:700px) and (max-width:400px){.at4-thankyou-inner .at4-recommended-container{height:122px;overflow:hidden}.at4-thankyou-inner .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item:first-child{border-bottom:1px solid #c5c5c5}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-branding-logo{font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-decoration:none;font-size:10px;display:inline-block;margin:2px 0;letter-spacing:.2px}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-icon{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAMAAAC67D+PAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF////+GlNUkcc1QAAAB1JREFUeNpiYIQDBjQmAwMmkwEM0JnY1WIxFyDAABGeAFEudiZsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-icon,.at-branding-logo .at-privacy-icon{display:inline-block;height:10px;width:10px;margin-left:4px;margin-right:3px;margin-bottom:-1px;background-repeat:no-repeat}.at-branding-logo .at-privacy-icon{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAKCAMAAABR24SMAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABhQTFRF8fr9ot/xXcfn2/P5AKva////////AKTWodjhjAAAAAd0Uk5T////////ABpLA0YAAAA6SURBVHjaJMzBDQAwCAJAQaj7b9xifV0kUKJ9ciWxlzWEWI5gMF65KUTv0VKkjVeTerqE/x7+9BVgAEXbAWI8QDcfAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")}.at-branding-logo span{text-decoration:none}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-addthis,.at-branding-logo .at-branding-powered-by{color:#666}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-addthis:hover{color:#333}.at-cv-with-image .at-branding-addthis,.at-cv-with-image .at-branding-addthis:hover{color:#fff}a.at-branding-logo:visited{color:initial}.at-branding-info{display:inline-block;padding:0 5px;color:#666;border:1px solid #666;border-radius:50%;font-size:10px;line-height:9pt;opacity:.7;transition:all .3s ease;text-decoration:none}.at-branding-info span{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.at-branding-info:before{content:'i';font-family:Times New Roman}.at-branding-info:hover{color:#0780df;border-color:#0780df}</style><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/layers.33f5b85045a5f2308467.js.Download"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/counter.f21ad6246194095cb7d9.js.Download"></script><style type="text/css">.at-share-dock.atss{top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;z-index:1000200;box-shadow:0 0 1px 1px #e2dfe2}.at-share-dock.at-share-dock-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-share-dock.atss-top{bottom:auto;top:0}.at-share-dock a{width:auto;transition:none;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box}.at-share-dock a:hover{width:auto}.at-share-dock .at4-count{height:43px;padding:5px 0 0;line-height:20px;background:#fff;font-family:Helvetica neue,arial}.at-share-dock .at4-count span{width:100%}.at-share-dock .at4-count .at4-share-label{color:#848484;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1px}.at-share-dock .at4-count .at4-counter{top:2px;position:relative;display:block;color:#222;font-size:22px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at4-count{height:36px;line-height:1pc;padding-top:4px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at4-count .at4-counter{font-size:18px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium a .at-icon-wrapper{padding:6px 0}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count{height:26px;line-height:1;padding-top:3px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count .at4-share-label{font-size:8px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count .at4-counter{font-size:14px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small a .at-icon-wrapper{padding:4px 0}</style><style type="text/css">div.at-share-close-control.ats-dark,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-dark,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-dark{background:#262b30}div.at-share-close-control.ats-light,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-light,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-light{background:#fff}div.at-share-close-control.ats-gray,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-gray,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}.atss{position:fixed;top:20%;width:3pc;z-index:100020;background:none}.at-share-close-control{position:relative;width:3pc;overflow:auto}.at-share-open-control-left{position:fixed;top:20%;z-index:100020;left:0;width:22px}.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow.at-left{float:right}.atss-left{left:0;float:left;right:auto}.atss-right{left:auto;float:right;right:0}.atss-right.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow.at-right{position:relative;right:0;overflow:auto}.atss-right.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow{float:left}.at-share-open-control-right{position:fixed;top:20%;z-index:100020;right:0;width:22px;float:right}.atss-right .at-share-close-control .at4-arrow{float:left}.atss.atss-right a{float:right}.atss.atss-right .at4-share-title{float:right;overflow:hidden}.atss .at-share-btn,.atss a{position:relative;display:block;width:3pc;margin:0;outline-offset:-1px;text-align:center;float:left;transition:width .15s ease-in-out;overflow:hidden;background:#e8e8e8;z-index:100030;cursor:pointer}.at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.atss-right .at-share-btn{float:right}.atss .at-share-btn{border:0;padding:0}.atss .at-share-btn:focus,.atss .at-share-btn:hover,.atss a:focus,.atss a:hover{width:4pc}.atss .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.atss a .at-icon-wrapper{display:block;padding:8px 0}.atss .at-share-btn:last-child,.atss a:last-child{border:none}.atss .at-share-btn span .at-icon,.atss a span .at-icon{position:relative;top:0;left:0;display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50% 50%;width:2pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;border:none;padding:0;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;cursor:hand}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block;text-align:center}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-count{font-size:17px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-text{font-size:9px;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at4-share .at4-share-count-container{position:absolute;left:0;right:auto;top:auto;bottom:0;width:100%;color:#fff;background:inherit}.at4-share .at4-share-count,.at4-share .at4-share-count-container{line-height:1pc;font-size:10px}.at4-share .at4-share-count{text-indent:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:200;width:100%;height:1pc}.at4-share .at4-share-count-anchor{padding-bottom:8px;text-decoration:none;transition:padding .15s ease-in-out .15s,width .15s ease-in-out}</style><style type="text/css">#at4-drawer-outer-container{top:0;width:20pc;position:fixed}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline{position:relative}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline.at4-drawer-right{float:right;right:0;left:auto}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline.at4-drawer-left{float:left;left:0;right:auto}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown,#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown *{z-index:999999}#at4-drawer-outer-container,#at4-drawer-outer-container .at4-drawer-outer,#at-drawer{height:100%;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden}.at4-drawer-push-content-right-back{position:relative;right:0}.at4-drawer-push-content-right{position:relative;left:20pc!important}.at4-drawer-push-content-left-back{position:relative;left:0}.at4-drawer-push-content-left{position:relative;right:20pc!important}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-right{left:auto;right:-20pc}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-left{right:auto;left:-20pc}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown.at4-drawer-right{left:auto;right:0}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown.at4-drawer-left{right:auto;left:0}#at-drawer{top:0;z-index:9999999;height:100%;animation-duration:.4s}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at-right{right:-20pc}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at-left{left:-20pc}#at-drawer .at-recommended-label{padding:0 0 0 20px;color:#999;line-height:3pc;font-size:18px;font-weight:300;cursor:default}#at-drawer-arrow{width:30px;height:5pc}#at-drawer-arrow.ats-dark{background:#262b30}#at-drawer-arrow.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}#at-drawer-open-arrow{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;width:13px;height:23px;margin:28px 0 0 8px}.at-left #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -46px}.ats-dark #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -23px}.ats-dark.at-left #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -69px}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers{position:fixed;top:40%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0!important;z-index:9999999}.at4-drawer-inline #at-drawer-arrow{position:absolute}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers.at-right{right:0}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers.at-left{left:0}.at4-drawer-push-animation-left{transition:left .4s ease-in-out .15s}.at4-drawer-push-animation-right{transition:right .4s ease-in-out .15s}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-right{right:0}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-right-back{right:-20pc!important}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-left{left:0}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-left-back{left:-20pc!important}#at-drawer .at4-closebutton.drawer-close{content:'X';color:#999;display:block;position:absolute;margin:0;top:0;right:0;width:3pc;height:45px;line-height:45px;overflow:hidden;opacity:.5}#at-drawer.ats-dark .at4-closebutton.drawer-close{color:#fff}#at-drawer .at4-closebutton.drawer-close:hover{opacity:1}#at-drawer.ats-dark.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a{color:#666}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical{padding:0}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{margin:2px 0 0 21px;color:#ddd}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{position:relative;padding:0;width:20pc;height:180px;margin:0}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.65);z-index:1000000;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item.at-hover .at4-recommended-item-img a:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a,#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{width:20pc;height:180px;float:none}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;height:70px}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{color:#fff;position:absolute;height:52px;top:0;left:20px;right:20px;margin:0;padding:0;line-height:25px;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;z-index:1000001;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:hover{text-decoration:none}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:link{color:#fff}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:10px;left:20px;width:auto;color:#ccc}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container{margin-left:20px}#at-drawer.ats-dark.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a:hover{color:#fff}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at-logo{margin:0}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-follow.at-mobile{display:none!important}.at4-follow{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;font-weight:400;color:#666;cursor:default;z-index:10001}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner{position:relative;padding:10px 24px 10px 15px}.at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control{border:0 solid #c5c5c5;border-width:1px 0 1px 1px;margin-top:-1px}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container{margin-left:9pt}.at4-follow.at4-follow-24 .at4-follow-container{height:24px;line-height:23px;font-size:13px}.at4-follow.at4-follow-32 .at4-follow-container{width:15pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;font-size:14px}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container .at-follow-label{display:inline-block;height:24px;line-height:24px;margin-right:10px;padding:0;cursor:default;float:left}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container .at-icon-wrapper{height:24px;width:24px}.at4-follow.ats-transparent .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-transparent{border-color:transparent}.at4-follow.ats-dark .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#000;color:#fff}.at4-follow.ats-dark .at-follow-close-control{background-color:#262b30}.at4-follow.ats-light .at4-follow-inner{background:#fff;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4-follow.ats-gray .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4-follow.ats-light .at4-follow-close-control,.at-follow-open-control.ats-light{background:#e5e5e5}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner .at4-follow-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:20px;cursor:pointer;display:none}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner .at4-follow-close-control div{display:block;line-height:20px;text-indent:-9999em;margin-top:calc(50% + 1px);overflow:hidden}.at-follow-open-control div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 -2px}.at-follow-open-control{position:fixed;height:35px;top:0;right:0;padding-top:10px;z-index:10002}.at-follow-btn{margin:0 5px 5px 0;padding:0;outline-offset:-1px;display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-follow-btn:focus,.at-follow-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-4px)}.at4-follow-24 .at-follow-btn{height:25px;line-height:0;width:25px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m{display:inline-block;width:auto;padding:0;margin:0 2px 5px;outline-offset:-1px;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b:hover,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m:hover{transform:translateY(-4px)}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m{display:block}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .addthis_follow_label,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .at-icon-wrapper,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .addthis_follow_label,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:5px}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:hover,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:hover{transform:none}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;margin-right:13px;margin-top:13px}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn .at-icon{float:left}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn .at300bs{display:inline-block;float:left;cursor:pointer}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-icon,.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper{margin:0;padding:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn{padding:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-label{display:none}.at4-jumboshare .at4-count{font-size:60px;line-height:60px;font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;font-weight:700}.at4-jumboshare .at4-count-container{display:table-cell;text-align:center;min-width:200px;vertical-align:middle;border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:20px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-share-container{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-share-container.at-share-tbx-element{padding-top:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-title{position:relative;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;bottom:2px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-spacer{height:1px;display:block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;line-height:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;border:0;background-color:transparent}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:focus,.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-4px);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-label{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;padding:0 15px 0 0;margin:0;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:hover,.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:link{text-decoration:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at4-jumboshare.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-recommendedbox-outer-container{display:inline}.at4-recommended-outer{position:static}.at4-recommended{top:20%;margin:0;text-align:center;font-weight:400;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;color:#666}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal{text-align:left}.at4-recommended-recommendedbox{padding:0;z-index:inherit}.at4-recommended-recommended{padding:40px 0}.at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:340px}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:15pc}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal{padding-top:10px;max-height:230px}.at4-recommended-text-only .at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:130px}.at4-recommended-horizontal{padding-top:5px;overflow-y:hidden}.at4-minimal{background:none;color:#000;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}@media screen and (max-width:900px){.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{width:15pc}}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{padding:0 0 10px}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{padding:20px 0 0!important}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended .at-h3.at-recommended-label{margin:0;padding:0;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:#464646;width:100%;display:inline-block;zoom:1}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended.at-inline .at-h3.at-recommended-label{text-align:left}#at4-thankyou .addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended.at-inline .at-h3.at-recommended-label{text-align:center}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item{display:inline-block;zoom:1;position:relative;background:#fff;border:1px solid #c5c5c5;width:200px;margin:10px}.addthis_recommended_horizontal .at4-recommended-item{border:none}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{color:#666;font-size:9px;position:absolute;top:-20px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-img .at-tli,.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-img a{position:absolute;left:0}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item{margin:10px 20px 0 0}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item{margin:10px 10px 0 0}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item{width:140px;overflow:hidden}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{position:relative;text-align:center;width:100%;height:200px;line-height:0;overflow:hidden}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a{display:block;width:100%;height:200px}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a{height:140px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;min-height:0;min-width:0;max-height:none;max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:74px;overflow:hidden;padding:20px;text-align:left;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:50px;padding:15px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{height:54px;margin:0 0 5px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:break-word;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:18px;text-align:left}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{font-size:9pt;line-height:1pc;height:33px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item:hover .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{text-decoration:underline}.at4-recommended a:link,.at4-recommended a:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#464646}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#000}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:11px;color:#666}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{font-size:9px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical{padding:15px 0 0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{display:block;width:auto;max-width:100%;height:60px;border:none;margin:0 0 15px;box-shadow:none;background:none}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{width:60px;height:60px;float:left}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{border-top:none;margin:0;height:60px;padding:3px 5px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{height:38px;margin:0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{position:absolute;bottom:0}.at4-recommended .at-recommended-label.at-vertical{text-align:left}.at4-no-image-light-recommended,.at4-no-image-minimal-recommended{background-color:#f2f2f2!important}.at4-no-image-gray-recommended{background-color:#e6e6e5!important}.at4-no-image-dark-recommended{background-color:#4e555e!important}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-repeat:no-repeat!important;background-position:center!important;width:100%!important;height:100%!important}.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-dark-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-dark-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-gray-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-light-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-minimal-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-gray-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-light-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-minimal-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}#at-drawer.ats-dark,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#262b30}#at-drawer.ats-gray,.at4-recommended.ats-gray .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#f2f2f2}#at-drawer.ats-light,.at4-recommended.ats-light .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#fff}.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{background:none}.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:hover,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:link,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:visited,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item-caption,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at-logo a:hover,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at-recommended-label.at-vertical{color:#fff}.at4-recommended-vertical-logo{padding-top:0;text-align:left}.at4-recommended-vertical-logo .at4-logo-container{line-height:10px}.at4-recommended-horizontal-logo{text-align:center}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal-logo{text-align:left}#at4-thankyou .at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal{text-align:center}.at4-recommended .at-logo{margin:10px 0 0;padding:0;height:25px;overflow:auto;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal .at-logo{text-align:left}.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a.at-sponsored-link{color:#666}.at4-recommended-class .at4-logo-container a:hover,.at4-recommendedbox-outer-container .at4-recommended-recommendedbox .at4-logo-container a:hover{color:#000}</style><style type="text/css">.at-recommendedjumbo-outer-container{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;background:none;color:#000}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer{position:relative;width:100%;height:510px;overflow:hidden;transition:all .3s ease-in-out}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer{height:250px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #bg-link:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.75)}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer:hover #bg-link:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer *,.at-recommendedjumbo-footer :after,.at-recommendedjumbo-footer :before{box-sizing:border-box}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer:hover #at-recommendedjumbo-footer-bg{animation:atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground 1s ease-in-out 1;animation-fill-mode:forwards}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-top-holder{position:absolute;top:0;padding:0 40px;width:100%}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-top-holder{padding:0 20px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-recommendedjumbo-footer-inner{position:relative;text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;z-index:2;width:100%}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label-holder{margin:40px 0 0;max-height:30px}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label-holder{margin:20px 0 0;max-height:20px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label{font-weight:300;font-size:24px;line-height:24px;color:#fff;margin:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label{font-weight:150;font-size:14px;line-height:14px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-title-holder{margin:20px 0 0;min-height:3pc;max-height:78pt}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-title-holder{margin:10px 0 0;min-height:24px;max-height:54px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-content-title{font-size:3pc;line-height:52px;font-weight:700;margin:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-content-title{font-size:24px;line-height:27px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a{text-decoration:none;color:#fff}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a:visited{color:#fff}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer small{margin:20px 0 0;display:inline-block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;font-size:14px;color:#ccc;cursor:default}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer small{margin:10px 0 0;height:14px;line-height:14px;font-size:9pt}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-logo-container{position:absolute;bottom:20px;margin:auto;left:0;right:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-logo-container{bottom:10px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a.at-sponsored-link{color:#ccc}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer div #at-recommendedjumbo-logo-link{padding:2px 0 0 11px;text-decoration:none;line-height:20px;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9px;color:#ccc}@keyframes atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground{0%{transform:scale(1,1)}to{transform:scale(1.1,1.1)}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-resp-share-element{position:relative;padding:0;margin:0;font-size:0;line-height:0}.at-resp-share-element:after,.at-resp-share-element:before{content:" ";display:table}.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at4-share-count-container,.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;margin:0 2px 5px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;border:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:transparent}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn:focus,.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-4px);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper{float:left}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn.at-share-btn.at-svc-compact:hover{transform:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn .at-label{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;padding:0 15px 0 0;margin:0 0 0 5px;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-icon,.at-resp-share-element .at-label{cursor:pointer}.at-resp-share-element .at4-share-count-container{text-decoration:none;float:right;padding-right:15px;font-size:9pt}.at-mobile .at-resp-share-element .at-label{display:none}.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at-share-btn{margin-right:5px}.at-mobile .at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn{padding:5px;margin-right:5px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-share-tbx-element{position:relative;margin:0;color:#fff;font-size:0}.at-share-tbx-element,.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;padding:0;line-height:0}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn{cursor:pointer;margin:0 5px 5px 0;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;border:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn:focus,.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-4px);outline-offset:-1px;color:inherit}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn.at-share-btn.at-svc-compact:hover{transform:none}.at-share-tbx-element .at-icon-wrapper{vertical-align:middle}.at-share-tbx-element .at4-share-count,.at-share-tbx-element .at-label{margin:0 7.5px 0 2.5px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;background:none;height:0;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:inherit}.at-share-tbx-element.at-mobile .at4-share-count,.at-share-tbx-element.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}.at-share-tbx-element .at_native_button{vertical-align:middle}.at-share-tbx-element .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{margin:0 2px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}.at-share-tbx-element .fb_iframe_widget{display:block}.at-share-tbx-element.at-share-tbx-native .at300b{vertical-align:middle}.at-style-responsive .at-share-btn{padding:5px}.at-style-jumbo{display:table}.at-style-jumbo .at4-spacer{height:1px;display:block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count-container{display:table-cell;text-align:center;min-width:200px;vertical-align:middle;border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:20px}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count{font-size:60px;line-height:60px;font-weight:700}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count-title{position:relative;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;bottom:2px}.at-style-jumbo .at-share-btn-elements{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.at_flat_counter{cursor:pointer;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;position:relative;vertical-align:top;height:auto;margin:0 5px;padding:0 6px;left:-1px;background:#ebebeb;color:#32363b;transition:all .2s ease}.at_flat_counter:after{top:30%;left:-4px;content:"";position:absolute;border-width:5px 8px 5px 0;border-style:solid;border-color:transparent #ebebeb transparent transparent;display:block;width:0;height:0;transform:translateY(360deg)}.at_flat_counter:hover{background:#e1e2e2}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-thankyou-background{top:0;right:0;left:0;bottom:0;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;z-index:9999999;background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpizCuu/sRABGBiIBKMKqSOQoAAAwC8KgJipENhxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);background:hsla(217,6%,46%,.95)}.at4-thankyou-background.at-thankyou-shown{position:fixed}.at4-thankyou-inner{position:absolute;width:100%;top:10%;left:50%;margin-left:-50%;text-align:center}.at4-thankyou-mobile .at4-thankyou-inner{top:5%}.thankyou-description{font-weight:400}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x{position:absolute;top:15px;right:15px;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;padding:20px;margin:0;cursor:pointer;transition:opacity .25s ease-in;opacity:.4;background:url("data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTNui8sowAAAAWdEVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMTEvMTMvMTKswDp5AAAAd0lEQVQ4jb2VQRLAIAgDE///Z3qqY1FAhalHMCsCIkVEAIAkkVgvp2lDBgYAnAyHkWotLccNrEd4A7X2TqIdqLfnWBAdaF5rJdyJfjtPH5GT37CaGhoVq3nOm/XflUuLUto2pY1d+vRKh0Pp+MrAVtDe2JkvYNQ+jVSEEFmOkggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") no-repeat center center;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-99999em;border:1px solid transparent}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x:focus,.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x:hover{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;outline:0}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo{position:absolute;bottom:10px;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;moz-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;transition:opacity .25s ease-in;opacity:.5;z-index:100020;color:#fff;padding:2px 0 0 13px}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo .at-branding-addthis,.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo .at-branding-info{color:#fff}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo:hover,.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .at4lb-inner a#at4-palogo:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;opacity:1}.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgeMZABGBiIBKMKqSOQoAAAwB+cQD6hqlbCwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==");background:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}.at4-thankyou-background .thankyou-title{color:#fff;font-size:38.5px;margin:10px 20px;line-height:38.5px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .thankyou-description,.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .thankyou-title{color:#fff}.at4-thankyou-background .thankyou-description{color:#fff;font-size:18px;margin:10px 0;line-height:24px;padding:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}.at4-thankyou-background .at4-thanks-icons{padding-top:10px}.at4-thankyou-mobile *{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}#at4-thankyou .at4-recommended-recommendedbox .at-logo{display:none}.at4-thankyou .at-h3{height:49px;line-height:49px;margin:0 50px 0 20px;padding:1px 0 0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px #000}.at4-thanks{padding-top:50px;text-align:center}.at4-thanks label{display:block;margin:0 0 15px;font-size:1pc;line-height:1pc}.at4-thanks .at4-h2{background:none;border:none;margin:0 0 10px;padding:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:28px;font-weight:300;color:#000}.at4-thanks .at4-thanks-icons{position:relative;height:2pc}.at4-thanks .at4-thanks-icons .at-thankyou-label{display:block;padding-bottom:10px;font-size:14px;color:#666}.at4-thankyou-layer .at-follow .at-icon-wrapper{width:2pc;height:2pc}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-recommended-toaster{position:fixed;top:auto;bottom:0;right:0;z-index:100021}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-light{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-gray{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#f2f2f2}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-dark{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster .at4-recommended-container{padding-top:0;margin:0}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label{line-height:1pc;font-size:1pc;text-align:left;padding:20px 0 0 20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{font-size:11px;line-height:11px;margin:10px 0 6px;height:30px}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-gray,.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-light{color:#464646}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-dark{color:#fff}.at4-toaster-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:5px 5px 0 0;padding:0;text-indent:-9999em}.at4-toaster-open-control{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:100020}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item{width:90pt;border:0;margin:9px 10px 0}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item:first-child{margin-left:20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item:last-child{margin-right:20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{max-height:90pt;max-width:90pt}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{height:90pt;width:90pt}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:30px;padding:0;margin:0;height:initial}.at4-toaster-outer .ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#262b30}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{width:auto;line-height:14px;margin:0}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{color:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster .at-logo{margin:0 0 3px 20px;text-align:left}.at4-recommended-toaster .at-logo .at4-logo-container.at-sponsored-logo{position:relative}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{text-align:right;font-size:10px;color:#666;float:right;position:fixed;bottom:6px;right:20px;top:initial;z-index:99999}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-whatsnext{position:fixed;bottom:0!important;right:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid #c5c5c5;margin:-1px;width:390px;height:90pt;overflow:hidden;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;color:#000;z-index:1800000000}.at4-whatsnext a{color:#666}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content{height:90pt;position:relative}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-branding{position:absolute;bottom:15px;right:10px;padding-left:9px;text-decoration:none;line-height:10px;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;color:#666}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner{position:absolute;top:15px;right:20px;bottom:15px;left:140px;text-align:left;height:105px}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a{display:inline-block}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner div.at-h6{text-align:left;margin:0;padding:0 0 3px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:default}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-h3{text-align:left;margin:5px 0;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;height:3pc}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:link,.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:visited{text-decoration:none;font-weight:400;color:#464646}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:hover{color:#000}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner small{position:absolute;bottom:15px;line-height:10px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:default;text-align:left}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:90pt;height:90pt;overflow:hidden}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-img img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;max-height:none;max-width:none}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:0 5px 0 0;padding:0;text-indent:-9999em}.at-whatsnext-open-control{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:100020}.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark{background:#262b30}.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content .at-h3,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content a.at4-logo:hover,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:link,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:visited{color:#fff}.at4-whatsnext.ats-light{background:#fff}.at4-whatsnext.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto{width:270px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content-img{display:none}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner{top:15px;right:0;left:20px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner.addthis_32x32_style{top:0;right:0;left:0;padding:45px 20px 0;font-size:20px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .at4-icon,.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .at4-icon-fw,.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .whatsnext-msg{vertical-align:middle}.at-whatsnext-img,.at-whatsnext-img-lnk{position:absolute;left:0}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-whatsnextmobile{position:fixed;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:#fff;z-index:9999998;height:170px;font-size:28px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2{height:100%;font-size:1em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:first-child{max-width:200px;display:inline-block;float:left}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:last-child{position:absolute;left:200px;right:50px;top:0;bottom:0;display:inline-block}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content-inner{font-size:1em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content-img img{height:100%;width:100%}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control{font-size:1em;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:50px;height:50px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control button{width:100%;height:100%;font-size:1em;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;opacity:.5;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3,.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{font-size:1em;margin:0;color:#a1a1a1;margin-left:2.5%;margin-top:25px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3{font-size:1em;line-height:1em;font-weight:500;height:50%}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3 a{font-size:1em;text-decoration:none}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{font-size:.8em;line-height:.8em;font-weight:500}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer{position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:200px;right:0;padding-left:2.5%;font-size:1em;line-height:.6em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small{font-size:.6em;color:#a1a1a1}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small:first-child{margin-right:5%;float:left}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small:last-child{margin-right:2.5%;float:right}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content{height:100%}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control button{color:#bfbfbf}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark a:visited{color:#fff}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2;color:#262b30}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light{background:#fff;color:#262b30}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark .footer a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray .footer a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light .footer a:visited{color:#a1a1a1}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light a:visited{color:#262b30}@media only screen and (min-device-width:320px) and (max-device-width:480px){.at4-whatsnextmobile{height:85px;font-size:14px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:first-child{width:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:last-child{right:25px;left:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer{left:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control{width:25px;height:25px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3,.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{margin-top:12.5px}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-custom-mobile-bar{left:0;right:0;width:100%;height:56px;position:fixed;text-align:center;z-index:100020;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);font:initial;line-height:normal;top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-custom-mobile-bar-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-custom-mobile-bar.atss-top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at-custom-mobile-bar.atss-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-btns{display:inline-block;text-align:center}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter,.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-share-btn{margin-top:4px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-left:4px;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:26px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:9pt;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;height:3pc;width:3pc;margin:0 4px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-icon{vertical-align:top;margin:8px;width:2pc;height:2pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium{height:3pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{margin-top:6px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:18px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:10px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-icon-wrapper{height:40px;width:40px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-icon{margin:6px;width:28px;height:28px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small{height:40px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{margin-top:3px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:1pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:10px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-icon-wrapper{height:2pc;width:2pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-icon{margin:4px;width:24px;height:24px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-custom-sidebar{top:20%;width:58px;position:fixed;text-align:center;z-index:100020;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);font:initial;line-height:normal;top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-sidebar.at-custom-sidebar-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-custom-sidebar.atss-left{left:0;right:auto;float:left;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.at-custom-sidebar.atss-right{left:auto;right:0;float:right;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-btns{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding-top:4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-counter{margin-bottom:8px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-left:4px;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-count{font-size:21px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-text{font-size:10px;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;margin:0 4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon{vertical-align:top;margin:9px;width:2pc;height:2pc}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon-wrapper{position:relative}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count,.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-container{line-height:1pc;font-size:10px}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count{text-indent:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:200;width:100%;height:1pc}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-anchor .at-icon{margin-top:3px}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-container{position:absolute;left:0;right:auto;top:auto;bottom:0;width:100%;color:#fff;background:inherit}</style><style type="text/css">.at-image-sharing-mobile-icon{position:absolute;background:#000 url(https://s7.addthis.com/static/44a36d35bafef33aa9455b7d3039a771.png) no-repeat top center;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);background-image:url(https://s7.addthis.com/static/10db525181ee0bbe1a515001be1c7818.svg),none;border-radius:3px;width:50px;height:40px;top:-9999px;left:-9999px}.at-image-sharing-tool{display:block;position:absolute;text-align:center;z-index:9001;background:none;overflow:hidden;top:-9999px;left:-9999px;font:initial;line-height:0}.at-image-sharing-tool.addthis-animated{animation-duration:.15s}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-orientation-vertical .at-share-btn{display:block}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-orientation-horizontal .at-share-btn{display:inline-block}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-big .at-icon{width:43px;height:43px}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-share-btn{margin:0!important}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-icon-wrapper{height:60px;width:100%;border-radius:0!important}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-icon{max-width:100%;height:54px!important;width:54px!important}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-custom-shape.at-image-sharing-tool-btns{margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:8px}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-custom-shape .at-share-btn{margin-top:8px;margin-left:8px}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-share-btn{line-height:0;text-decoration:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;height:100%;width:100%}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-icon{vertical-align:top;width:2pc;height:2pc;margin:3px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-expanding-share-button{box-sizing:border-box;position:fixed;z-index:9999}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right]{bottom:10px;right:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-icon-wrapper,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] [data-name]:after{float:right}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] [data-name]:after{margin-right:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{margin-right:5px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-icon-wrapper{margin-right:-3px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left]{bottom:10px;left:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-icon-wrapper,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] [data-name]:after{float:left}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] [data-name]:after{margin-left:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{margin-left:5px}.at-expanding-share-button *,.at-expanding-share-button :after,.at-expanding-share-button :before{box-sizing:border-box}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{display:none;list-style:none;margin:0 5px;overflow:visible;padding:0}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-services-list>li{display:block;height:45px;position:relative;overflow:visible}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn,.at-expanding-share-button .at-share-btn{transition:.1s;text-decoration:none}.at-expanding-share-button .at-share-btn{display:block;height:40px;padding:0 3px 0 0}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn{position:relative;overflow:auto}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn.at-expanding-share-button-hidden[data-name]:after{display:none}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%;position:relative}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2232px%22%20height%3D%2232px%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2032%2032%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Ctitle%3Eshare%3C%2Ftitle%3E%3Cg%20stroke%3D%22none%22%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%3E%3Cg%20fill%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M26%2C13.4285714%20C26%2C13.6220248%2025.9293162%2C13.7894338%2025.7879464%2C13.9308036%20L20.0736607%2C19.6450893%20C19.932291%2C19.786459%2019.7648819%2C19.8571429%2019.5714286%2C19.8571429%20C19.3779752%2C19.8571429%2019.2105662%2C19.786459%2019.0691964%2C19.6450893%20C18.9278267%2C19.5037195%2018.8571429%2C19.3363105%2018.8571429%2C19.1428571%20L18.8571429%2C16.2857143%20L16.3571429%2C16.2857143%20C15.6279725%2C16.2857143%2014.9750773%2C16.3080355%2014.3984375%2C16.3526786%20C13.8217977%2C16.3973217%2013.2488868%2C16.477306%2012.6796875%2C16.5926339%20C12.1104882%2C16.7079619%2011.6157015%2C16.8660704%2011.1953125%2C17.0669643%20C10.7749235%2C17.2678581%2010.3824423%2C17.5264121%2010.0178571%2C17.8426339%20C9.65327199%2C18.1588557%209.35565592%2C18.534596%209.125%2C18.9698661%20C8.89434408%2C19.4051361%208.71391434%2C19.9203839%208.58370536%2C20.515625%20C8.45349637%2C21.1108661%208.38839286%2C21.7842224%208.38839286%2C22.5357143%20C8.38839286%2C22.9449425%208.40699386%2C23.4025272%208.44419643%2C23.9084821%20C8.44419643%2C23.9531252%208.45349693%2C24.0405499%208.47209821%2C24.1707589%20C8.4906995%2C24.3009679%208.5%2C24.3995532%208.5%2C24.4665179%20C8.5%2C24.5781256%208.46837829%2C24.6711306%208.40513393%2C24.7455357%20C8.34188956%2C24.8199408%208.25446484%2C24.8571429%208.14285714%2C24.8571429%20C8.02380893%2C24.8571429%207.9196433%2C24.7938994%207.83035714%2C24.6674107%20C7.77827355%2C24.6004461%207.72991094%2C24.5186017%207.68526786%2C24.421875%20C7.64062478%2C24.3251483%207.59040206%2C24.2135423%207.53459821%2C24.0870536%20C7.47879436%2C23.9605648%207.43973225%2C23.87128%207.41741071%2C23.8191964%20C6.47246551%2C21.6986501%206%2C20.0208395%206%2C18.7857143%20C6%2C17.3050521%206.19717065%2C16.0662252%206.59151786%2C15.0691964%20C7.79688103%2C12.0706695%2011.0520568%2C10.5714286%2016.3571429%2C10.5714286%20L18.8571429%2C10.5714286%20L18.8571429%2C7.71428571%20C18.8571429%2C7.52083237%2018.9278267%2C7.35342333%2019.0691964%2C7.21205357%20C19.2105662%2C7.07068382%2019.3779752%2C7%2019.5714286%2C7%20C19.7648819%2C7%2019.932291%2C7.07068382%2020.0736607%2C7.21205357%20L25.7879464%2C12.9263393%20C25.9293162%2C13.067709%2026%2C13.2351181%2026%2C13.4285714%20L26%2C13.4285714%20Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;transition:transform .4s ease;border-radius:50%;display:block}.at-expanding-share-button .at-icon-wrapper{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;width:40px}.at-expanding-share-button .at-icon{display:inline-block;height:34px;margin:3px 0;vertical-align:top;width:34px}.at-expanding-share-button [data-name]:after{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);transform:translate(0, -50%);transition:.4s;background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px;color:#666;content:attr(data-name);font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;line-height:9pt;font-weight:500;opacity:0;padding:3px 5px;position:relative;top:20px;white-space:nowrap}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-show-icons .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{display:block}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{transform:rotate(270deg);background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2032%2032%22%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M18%2014V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in [data-name]:after{opacity:1}.at-expanding-share-button.at-hide-label [data-name]:after{display:none}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle{height:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-icon-wrapper:hover{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5)}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg{height:50px;line-height:50px;width:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{height:50px;width:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg:after{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);transition:opacity .2s ease;border-radius:50%;content:'';height:100%;opacity:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg:hover:after{opacity:1}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{top:25px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{margin:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn,.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-share-btn{outline:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle{height:40px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg span{height:40px;line-height:40px;width:40px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-click-flash{transform:scale(0);transition:transform ease,opacity ease-in;background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.3);border-radius:50%;height:40px;opacity:1;position:absolute;width:40px;z-index:10000}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-click-flash.at-expanding-share-button-click-flash-animate{transform:scale(1);opacity:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay{transition:opacity ease;bottom:0;background-color:hsla(0,0%,87%,.7);display:block;height:auto;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:auto;z-index:9998}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay.at-expanding-share-button-hidden{height:0;width:0;z-index:-10000}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay{transition:opacity ease;opacity:1}</style><style type="text/css">.at-tjin-element .at300b,.at-tjin-element .at300m{display:inline-block;width:auto;padding:0;margin:0 2px 5px;outline-offset:-1px;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-tjin-element .at300b:focus,.at-tjin-element .at300b:hover,.at-tjin-element .at300m:focus,.at-tjin-element .at300m:hover{transform:translateY(-4px)}.at-tjin-element .addthis_tjin_label{display:none}.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m{display:block}.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .addthis_tjin_label,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .at-icon-wrapper,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .addthis_tjin_label,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:5px}.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:focus,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:hover,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:focus,.at-tjin-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:hover{transform:none}.at-tjin-element .at-tjin-btn{margin:0 5px 5px 0;padding:0;outline-offset:-1px;display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-tjin-element .at-tjin-btn:focus,.at-tjin-element .at-tjin-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-4px)}.at-tjin-element .at-tjin-title{margin:0 0 15px}</style><style type="text/css">.addthis_counter{font-weight:700;display:inline-block;border:0;outline:0;cursor:pointer;color:#fff}.addthis_counter a{display:block;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif!important;text-decoration:none!important;border:0}.addthis_counter{text-decoration:none!important;text-align:left}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{background:url("data:image/png;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat;display:inline-block}.addthis_counter .atc_s{background:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAFVBMVEUAAAD///////////////////////9Iz20EAAAABnRSTlMAwPm7kB4+mBDvAAAAP0lEQVQI12MIVksDgyRTBrM0KEhmAApChRnS4ACdKcCIl5ko6MAiKAZmJjAAARsKE6GAsGE43IBwJLLTER4CAHvvQkc3Hji8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC");background-size:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#fe6d4c;background-position:5px 5px;display:inline-block;border-radius:2px;min-width:25px;text-decoration:none}.addthis_counter .atc_s:hover{background-color:#e75a3a}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-image:url("data:image/gif;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat}.addthis_counter a.atc_s{font-size:11px;font-weight:100;color:#fff;padding:0 5px 0 20px;line-height:20px;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;transition:none}.addthis_counter .atc_s-span,.addthis_counter a.atc_s{display:block;height:20px}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded.at300m .at4-icon{display:none!important}.addthis_counter a.addthis_button_expanded:hover,.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -40px;width:50px;height:33px;line-height:33px;padding-bottom:4px;margin-bottom:3px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;color:#333}.addthis_counter{vertical-align:top}.addthis_counter.addthis_native_counter .addthis_button_expanded{font-weight:400}* html .addthis_counter.compatmode0 .addthis_button_expanded{padding-bottom:0!important}* html .addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{height:37px}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded:hover{background-position:0 -77px;cursor:pointer;color:#000}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded .at300bs{display:none!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style{display:block;height:25px;overflow:hidden}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.atc_s{float:left}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded{display:none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -114px;width:34px!important;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 0 3px;padding:0 0 0 4px;float:left;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:11px;color:#333;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style.addthis_nonzero a.addthis_button_expanded{display:block!important;transition:none}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded:hover{background-position:0 -134px!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{margin:0 0 0 -2px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#000;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -4pc;padding:0 0 0 4px;height:1pc;width:2pc!important;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.addthis_native_counter_parent .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-position:0 -4pc!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style.addthis_native_counter{margin:0 2px}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{font-size:11px;height:1pc;line-height:1pc;width:34px;background:none}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:-36px -4pc!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -5pc!important;height:20px;width:35px!important;line-height:20px;padding:0 0 0 6px}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:-41px -5pc!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{background:none;font-size:9pt;line-height:20px;height:20px;margin:0;width:35px!important;padding:0!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style.addthis_native_counter a.addthis_button_expanded{font-size:11px}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0!important;height:2pc;width:56px!important;line-height:2pc;padding:0 0 0 6px}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{background:none;font-size:1pc;line-height:2pc;height:2pc;margin:0;width:56px!important;padding:0!important}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:0 -2pc!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style .atc_s{display:none!important}* html .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{width:36px!important;display:inline}* html .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0{width:2pc!important;display:block}* html .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{width:24px!important;height:14px!important;line-height:14px!important;padding:0;margin-top:1px!important;display:inline}* html .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0 a.addthis_button_expanded{width:36px}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{width:60px!important}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{width:46px;height:26px!important;line-height:26px!important;margin-top:2px!important}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0 a.addthis_button_expanded{height:2pc!important;line-height:2pc!important}</style><style type="text/css">#addthissmartlayerscssready{color:#bada55!important}.addthis-smartlayers,div#at4-follow,div#at4-share,div#at4-thankyou,div#at4-whatsnext{padding:0;margin:0}#at4-follow-label,#at4-share-label,#at4-whatsnext-label,.at4-recommended-label.hidden{padding:0;border:none;background:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:0;width:0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:hover{cursor:pointer}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:after,.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:before{content:none}a.at4-logo{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBwAHAJEAAP9uQf///wAAAAAAACH5BAkKAAIALAAAAAAHAAcAAAILFH6Ge8EBH2MKiQIAOw==) no-repeat left center}.at4-minimal a.at4-logo{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBwAHAJEAAP9uQf///wAAAAAAACH5BAkKAAIALAAAAAAHAAcAAAILFH6Ge8EBH2MKiQIAOw==) no-repeat left center!important}button.at4-closebutton{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:0;margin-right:10px;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none;font-size:19px;line-height:1;color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff;opacity:.2}button.at4-closebutton:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.5}div.at4-arrow{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;text-align:left;cursor:pointer}#at4-recommendedpanel-outer-container .at4-arrow.at-right,div.at4-arrow.at-right{background-position:-20px 0}#at4-recommendedpanel-outer-container .at4-arrow.at-left,div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 0}div.at4-arrow.at-down{background-position:-60px 0}div.at4-arrow.at-up{background-position:-40px 0}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-right{background-position:-20px -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-down{background-position:-60px -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-up{background-position:-40px -20}.at4-opacity-hidden{opacity:0!important}.at4-opacity-visible{opacity:1!important}.at4-visually-hidden{position:absolute;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);padding:0;border:0;overflow:hidden}.at4-hidden-off-screen,.at4-hidden-off-screen *{position:absolute!important;top:-9999px!important;left:-9999px!important}.at4-show{display:block!important;opacity:1!important}.at4-show-content{opacity:1!important;visibility:visible}.at4-hide{display:none!important;opacity:0!important}.at4-hide-content{opacity:0!important;visibility:hidden}.at4-visible{display:block!important;opacity:0!important}.at-wordpress-hide{display:none!important;opacity:0!important}.addthis-animated{animation-fill-mode:both;animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-duration:.3s}.slideInDown.addthis-animated,.slideInLeft.addthis-animated,.slideInRight.addthis-animated,.slideInUp.addthis-animated,.slideOutDown.addthis-animated,.slideOutLeft.addthis-animated,.slideOutRight.addthis-animated,.slideOutUp.addthis-animated{animation-duration:.4s}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.fadeIn{animation-name:fadeIn}@keyframes fadeInUp{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.fadeInUp{animation-name:fadeInUp}@keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.fadeInDown{animation-name:fadeInDown}@keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}}.fadeInLeft{animation-name:fadeInLeft}@keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}}.fadeInRight{animation-name:fadeInRight}@keyframes fadeOut{0%{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.fadeOut{animation-name:fadeOut}@keyframes fadeOutUp{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}}.fadeOutUp{animation-name:fadeOutUp}@keyframes fadeOutDown{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}}.fadeOutDown{animation-name:fadeOutDown}@keyframes fadeOutLeft{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-20px)}}.fadeOutLeft{animation-name:fadeOutLeft}@keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(20px)}}.fadeOutRight{animation-name:fadeOutRight}@keyframes slideInUp{0%{transform:translateY(1500px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(0)}}.slideInUp{animation-name:slideInUp}.slideInUp.addthis-animated{animation-duration:.4s}@keyframes slideInDown{0%{transform:translateY(-850px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(0)}}.slideInDown{animation-name:slideInDown}@keyframes slideOutUp{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(-250px)}}.slideOutUp{animation-name:slideOutUp}@keyframes slideOutUpFast{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(-1250px)}}#at4m-menu.slideOutUp{animation-name:slideOutUpFast}@keyframes slideOutDown{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(350px)}}.slideOutDown{animation-name:slideOutDown}@keyframes slideOutDownFast{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(1250px)}}#at4m-menu.slideOutDown{animation-name:slideOutDownFast}@keyframes slideInLeft{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-850px)}to{transform:translateX(0)}}.slideInLeft{animation-name:slideInLeft}@keyframes slideInRight{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(1250px)}to{transform:translateX(0)}}.slideInRight{animation-name:slideInRight}@keyframes slideOutLeft{0%{transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-350px)}}.slideOutLeft{animation-name:slideOutLeft}@keyframes slideOutRight{0%{transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(350px)}}.slideOutRight{animation-name:slideOutRight}.at4win{margin:0 auto;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ebeced;width:25pc;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:8px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-align:left;z-index:9999}.at4win .at4win-header{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;background:#fff;height:49px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:8px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:8px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:8px;-moz-border-radius-topright:8px;border-top-left-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;cursor:default}.at4win .at4win-header .at-h3,.at4win .at4win-header h3{height:49px;line-height:49px;margin:0 50px 0 0;padding:1px 0 0;margin-left:20px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;text-shadow:0 1px #fff;color:#333}.at4win .at4win-header .at-h3 img,.at4win .at4win-header h3 img{display:inline-block;margin-right:4px}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;background:url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAUABQAAAIzBIKpG+YMm5Enpodw1HlCfnkKOIqU1VXk55goVb2hi7Y0q95lfG70uurNaqLgTviyyUoFADs=") no-repeat center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;border-left:1px solid #d2d2d1;width:49px;height:49px;line-height:49px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999px;text-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.5;border:0;transition:opacity .15s ease-in}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close:hover{opacity:1;background-color:#ebeced;border-top-right-radius:7px}.at4win .at4win-content{position:relative;background:#fff;min-height:220px}#at4win-footer{position:relative;background:#fff;border-top:1px solid #d2d2d1;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:8px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:8px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:8px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:8px;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;height:11px;line-height:11px;padding:5px 20px;font-size:11px;color:#666;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}#at4win-footer a{margin-right:10px;text-decoration:none;color:#666}#at4win-footer a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}#at4win-footer a.at4-logo{top:5px;padding-left:10px}#at4win-footer a.at4-privacy{position:absolute;top:5px;right:10px;padding-right:14px}.at4win.ats-dark{border-color:#555;box-shadow:none}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header{background:#1b1b1b;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at4-close{background:url("data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTNui8sowAAAAWdEVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMTEvMTMvMTKswDp5AAAAd0lEQVQ4jb2VQRLAIAgDE///Z3qqY1FAhalHMCsCIkVEAIAkkVgvp2lDBgYAnAyHkWotLccNrEd4A7X2TqIdqLfnWBAdaF5rJdyJfjtPH5GT37CaGhoVq3nOm/XflUuLUto2pY1d+vRKh0Pp+MrAVtDe2JkvYNQ+jVSEEFmOkggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") no-repeat center center;background-image:url(https://s7.addthis.com/static/fb08f6d50887bd0caacc86a62bcdcf68.svg),none;border-color:#333}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at4-close:hover{background-color:#000}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at-h3,.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header h3{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px #000}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header{background:#fff;border-color:#d2d2d1;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header a.at4-close{border-color:#d2d2d1}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header a.at4-close:hover{background-color:#ebeced}.at4win.ats-gray #at4win-footer{border-color:#ebeced}.at4win .clear{clear:both}.at4win ::selection{background:#fe6d4c;color:#fff}.at4win ::-moz-selection{background:#fe6d4c;color:#fff}.at4-icon-fw{display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0;margin:0 5px 0 0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;cursor:pointer;padding:0;border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;-webkit-border-radius:50%}.at44-follow-container a.aticon{height:2pc;margin:0 5px 5px 0}.at44-follow-container .at4-icon-fw{margin:0}</style><style type="text/css" media="print">.usabilla_live_button_container { display: none; }</style></head>
<body class="news-listing"><div id="lightningjs-usabilla_live" style="display: none;"><div><iframe frameborder="0" id="lightningjs-frame-usabilla_live" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/saved_resource.html"></iframe></div></div>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MXMG453"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<span id="og-img-hack"></span>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#mainContent" class="skipNavigationLink">Skip to content</a>
<noscript>
<div id="ccm-headerAnnounce">
<div class="disclosure-container" style="display: block">
<div class="disclosure-content row">
<p id="header_announcement_us" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; text-align: center;">To register on our site and for the best user experience, please enable Javascript in your browser using these <a target="_blank" href="http://enable-javascript.com/">instructions</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</noscript>
<div id="content" style="padding-top: 0px;">
<div id="global-nav"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#globalnav" class="open icon hide-text" id="ccpOpenPageSlide" style="display:none;">Open global navigation</a><div class="mobile-logo-wrapper"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/?utm_medium=logo" class="cupshield icon">Cambridge University Press</a><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic?utm_medium=academic" class="academic icon">Academic</a></div><ul id="globalnav"><li><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/" class="hide-text icon" data-tapp="lnk_gnbcambridgelogo">Cambridge University Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="submenu icon" onclick="" aria-expanded="false">Academic</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/" data-tapp="lnk_gnbcore">Cambridge Core <span> (Institutional access)</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic" data-tapp="lnk_gnbacademic">Books Catalogue <span>(Individuals)</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/cambridgeenglish?site_locale=de_AT&prefCountry=AT" data-tapp="lnk_gnbcameng">English Language Learning</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/education" data-tapp="lnk_gnbeducation">Education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/bibles?site_locale=de_AT&prefCountry=AT" data-tapp="lnk_gnbbibles">Bibles</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/digital-products" data-tapp="lnk_gnbdigiprod">Digital Products</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us" class="submenu icon expanded" aria-expanded="false">About Us</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/who-we-are/press-syndicate" data-tapp="lnk_gnbagovernance">Governance</a></li><li class="tablet-only"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/rights-permissions" data-tapp="lnk_gnbrightspermissions">Rights & Permissions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/what-we-do/cambridge-conference-facilities" data-tapp="lnk_gnbconfvenues">Conference Venues</a></li><li class="hide-for-mobile"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/contact-us/?site=corporate" data-tapp="lnk_gnbcontactus">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li class="hide-for-mobile"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/careers" data-tapp="lnk_gnbcareers">Careers</a></li><li class="show-for-mobile"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/contact-us/?site=corporate">Contact Us</a></li><li class="right"><ul><li class="navLocation "><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/location" data-ajax-reveal-id="locationOptions" title="Austria" class="location icon toggle-select-country" data-tapp="lnk_gnblocale" modal-toggle="modal" modal-target="#country-selector-modal">Austria</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="mobile-icons"><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="cart icon hide-text cartCount" id="cart_button" data-reveal-id="cart"><span id="mobileCartQty"> Cart</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/location" data-ajax-reveal-id="locationOptions" class="countryReveal icon hide-text toggle-select-country" modal-toggle="modal" modal-target="#country-selector-modal">Location selector</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/location" data-ajax-reveal-id="locationOptions" class="countryReveal icon hide-text">Location selector</a><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="search icon hide-text searchToggle" style="display: none;">Search toggle</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="menu icon hide-text mainNavToggle" style="display: none;">Menu</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="cartWrapper">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns noPadding">
<a id="cart_button" href="https://www.cambridge.org/cart" data-reveal-id="cart">
Cart <span id="cartQty">(0)</span>
</a>
<div id="cart" class="reveal-modal medium"><p class="lead">Your Cart</p><a class="close-reveal-modal close-cart">×</a><p class="qty-summary">You have <span class="qty">no</span> <span class="unit">items</span> in your cart.</p><div class="items"></div><div class="subtotal hide"><h4>Subtotal: <span class="currency"></span><span class="value"></span></h4></div><div class="buttons hide"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="button blue large continue-shopping" id="mini-cart-shopping-btn">Continue shopping</a><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/cart" class="button blue large view-cart">Checkout<span class="view-cartCountAcademic_v1" style="display:none;">(0)</span></a></div></div>
<div id="itemAddedModal" class="reveal-modal">
<h3 id="itemAddedMessage"></h3>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/wm-ecommerce-web/academic/cart" class="button blue large viewCart float-left ted">
View cart and checkout </a>
<a class="button large close-reveal-modal float-right blue">Continue shopping</a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal close-cart">×</a>
</div>
<div id="addToCartCustom" class="reveal-modal">
<h4 style="text-transform: initial;"></h4>
<a class="blue large button close-reveal-modal float-right" style="position: relative;">
Continue shopping </a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal close-cart">×</a>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="searchWrapper">
<div class="row">
<div class="five columns searchBox">
<style type="text/css">
li.ui-menu-item {
list-style: none;
list-style-type: none;
}
li.ui-menu-item a {
padding-left: 10px !important;
}
.ui-autocomplete {
background-color: #ffffff;
max-height: 400px;
overflow-y: auto;
/* prevent horizontal scrollbar */
overflow-x: hidden;
/* add padding to account for vertical scrollbar */
/*padding-right: 20px; */
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; /* top, right ,bottom, left */
/*padding-top:0px;*/
/*padding-bottom: 0px;*/
/*background-color: yellow;*/
padding-left: 0;
border-bottom: 1px;
width: 390px !important; /*force width*/
}
/* IE 6 doesn't support max-height
* we use height instead, but this forces the menu to always be this tall
*/
* html .ui-autocomplete {
height: 250px;
}
</style>
<fieldset>
<div class="academicSearch noPadding">
<form id="search" action="https://www.cambridge.org/at/search" method="get">
<span class="clcInclude has-tip" data-width="280" title="Include reissues and reprints of historic titles in your search. Reprints and reissues form the basis of Cambridge Library Collection."><input value="Historic+titles" type="checkbox" name="options[]"> Include historic titles</span>
<input type="hidden" name="iFeelLucky" id="iFeelLucky" value="false">
<input type="hidden" name="currentTheme" value="Academic_v1">
<label for="search-products" class="labelHidden">Search products</label>
<input type="text" name="query" id="query" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search for keyword, author, ISBN, etc." class="ui-autocomplete-input" role="textbox" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-haspopup="true">
<input type="submit" name="c" value="MainSearchBar">
</form>
</div>
</fieldset>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".academicSearch input#query").change(function () {
$("#iFeelLucky").val("false");
});
$(".academicSearch input#query").autocomplete({
source: '/at/tools/packages/cambridge_themes/search_autocomplete?currentTheme=Academic_v1',
minLength: 2,
select: function (event, ui) {
$("#iFeelLucky").val("false");
$("input#query").val(ui.item.value);
$("#search").submit();
},
open: function (event, ui) {
$("ul.ui-autocomplete.ui-menu li").css('cursor', 'hand');
$("ul.ui-autocomplete.ui-menu li").css('cursor', 'pointer');
var url = '<li style="padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;"><a style="line-height: 30px; height: 30px; color: #D3461E; text-decoration: underline; cursor: hand; cursor: pointer;" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" onclick="$(\'#iFeelLucky\').val(\'false\'); $(\'#search\').submit();">Click here for more results</a></li>';
$("ul.ui-autocomplete.ui-menu").append(url);
}
});
});
</script> <div class="searchTabs hide-for-small">
<a class="registerButton registerLink" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/register">
Register </a>
<a id="sign_in_button" class="signinLink" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/signin" data-reveal-id="signIn">
Sign in </a>
<form id="registerForm" action="https://www.cambridge.org/at/register" method="post" style="display:none;">
<input type="hidden" name="rcID" value="2139">
<input type="hidden" id="dynamicPageUrl" name="dynamicPageUrl" value="/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA">
</form>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".registerButton").click(function () {
$("#registerForm").submit();
return false;
});
});
</script>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row show-for-small">
<div class="twelve columns noPadding mobileSiteFunctions">
<a class="registerButton registerLink" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/register">
Register </a>
<a id="sign_in_button_mobile" class="signinLink" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/signin" data-reveal-id="signIn">
Sign in </a>
<form id="registerForm" action="https://www.cambridge.org/at/register" method="post" style="display:none;">
<input type="hidden" name="rcID" value="2139">
<input type="hidden" id="dynamicPageUrl" name="dynamicPageUrl" value="/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA">
</form>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".registerButton").click(function () {
$("#registerForm").submit();
return false;
});
});
</script>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/profile/wishlist/" class="no-image mobileWishlistLink">Wishlist</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrapHeader">
<div class="row">
<div class="seven columns introText">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic" class="academicLogoWrap">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/academic-logo.png" alt="Academic" class="academicLogo">
</a>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic" class="academicIntroWrap">
<h2 class="academicIntro" id="mainContent">Unlocking potential with the best learning and research solutions</h2>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mainNavWrap ">
<ul class="mainNav">
<li class="navDrop">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/" data-tapp="lnk_navsubjects">
Subjects<span class="navExpander"></span>
</a>
<div class="navPanel">
<ul style="display: none;">
<li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/anthropology/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_anthropology">Anthropology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/archaeology/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_archaeology">Archaeology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/arts-theatre-culture/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_artstheatreculture">Arts, theatre and culture</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/chemistry/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/classical-studies/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_classicalstudies">Classical studies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/computer-science/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_computerscience">Computer science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_earthenviscience">Earth and environmental science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/economics/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_economics">Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/education/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_education">Education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/engineering/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_engineering">Engineering</a></li></ul><ul style="display: none;"><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/general-science/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_generalscience">General science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/geography/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_geography">Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/history/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_history">History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/" target="_self" data-tapp="">Languages and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/law/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_law">Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/life-sciences/" target="_self" data-tapp="">Life science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/literature/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/management/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_management">Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/mathematics/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/medicine/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul><ul style="display: none;"><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/music/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_music">Music</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/philosophy/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/physics/" target="_self" data-tapp="">Physics and astronomy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_politicsinternatl">Politics and international relations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/psychology/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_psychology">Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/religion/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/sociology/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_sociology">Sociology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/statistics-probability/" target="_self" data-tapp="lnk_statprobability">Statistics and probability</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/social-science-research-methods/" target="_self" data-tapp="">Social science research methods</a></li></ul><ul style="display: none;"><li class="browseAll"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/" data-tapp="lnk_browseall">Browse all subjects</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</li>
<li id="32937"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/blogs/" data-tapp="lnk_navblogs">Blogs</a></li><li id="32929"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/reference/" data-tapp="lnk_navreference">Reference</a></li><li id="33377"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/conferences/" data-tapp="lnk_navconferences">Conferences</a></li><li id="33534"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/news/" data-tapp="lnk_navnews">News</a></li><li id="32921"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/textbooks/" data-tapp="lnk_navtextbooks">Textbooks</a></li><li id="32930"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/authors/" data-tapp="lnk_navauthors">Authors</a></li><li id="45313"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/contact-us/#country-contact-data" data-tapp="lnk_navcontactus">Contact Us</a></li>
<li class="navLocation show-for-small"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/location" data-ajax-reveal-id="locationOptions" title="Austria" class="location icon toggle-select-country" data-tapp="lnk_gnblocale" modal-toggle="modal" modal-target="#country-selector-modal">Austria</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrapTexture">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns crumbsBarDeep crumbsBarExtraDeep">
<ul class="crumbs">
<li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic">Academic</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics">Languages and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax">Grammar and syntax</a></li> </ul>
<style>
.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style {
width: 36px!important;
}
</style>
<div class="addThisButtons">
<div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style">
<a class="addthis_button_facebook at300b" title="Facebook" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(59, 89, 152); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-facebook-1" title="Facebook" alt="Facebook" class="at-icon at-icon-facebook" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-facebook-1">Facebook</title><g><path d="M22 5.16c-.406-.054-1.806-.16-3.43-.16-3.4 0-5.733 1.825-5.733 5.17v2.882H9v3.913h3.837V27h4.604V16.965h3.823l.587-3.913h-4.41v-2.5c0-1.123.347-1.903 2.198-1.903H22V5.16z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_button_twitter at300b" title="Twitter" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(29, 161, 242); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-twitter-2" title="Twitter" alt="Twitter" class="at-icon at-icon-twitter" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-twitter-2">Twitter</title><g><path d="M27.996 10.116c-.81.36-1.68.602-2.592.71a4.526 4.526 0 0 0 1.984-2.496 9.037 9.037 0 0 1-2.866 1.095 4.513 4.513 0 0 0-7.69 4.116 12.81 12.81 0 0 1-9.3-4.715 4.49 4.49 0 0 0-.612 2.27 4.51 4.51 0 0 0 2.008 3.755 4.495 4.495 0 0 1-2.044-.564v.057a4.515 4.515 0 0 0 3.62 4.425 4.52 4.52 0 0 1-2.04.077 4.517 4.517 0 0 0 4.217 3.134 9.055 9.055 0 0 1-5.604 1.93A9.18 9.18 0 0 1 6 23.85a12.773 12.773 0 0 0 6.918 2.027c8.3 0 12.84-6.876 12.84-12.84 0-.195-.005-.39-.014-.583a9.172 9.172 0 0 0 2.252-2.336" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_button_linkedin at300b" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(0, 119, 181); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-linkedin-3" title="LinkedIn" alt="LinkedIn" class="at-icon at-icon-linkedin" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-linkedin-3">LinkedIn</title><g><path d="M26 25.963h-4.185v-6.55c0-1.56-.027-3.57-2.175-3.57-2.18 0-2.51 1.7-2.51 3.46v6.66h-4.182V12.495h4.012v1.84h.058c.558-1.058 1.924-2.174 3.96-2.174 4.24 0 5.022 2.79 5.022 6.417v7.386zM8.23 10.655a2.426 2.426 0 0 1 0-4.855 2.427 2.427 0 0 1 0 4.855zm-2.098 1.84h4.19v13.468h-4.19V12.495z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_button_compact at300m" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(255, 101, 80); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-addthis-4" title="More" alt="More" class="at-icon at-icon-addthis" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-addthis-4">AddThis</title><g><path d="M18 14V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" style="display: inline-block;"><a class="addthis_button_expanded" target="_blank" title="More" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#">0</a><a class="atc_s addthis_button_compact">Share<span></span></a></a>
<div class="atclear"></div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var titleCode = 428774;
var titleSubjectPath = "https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics";
</script>
<div class="wrapTexture">
<div class="row eeData eeProductDetail" data-ee-list="Product Page" data-ee-name="Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics" data-ee-id="9781107021228" data-ee-price="85.00" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" data-gtm-vis-recent-on-screen-7180793_341="1153" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-7180793_341="1153" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-7180793_341="100" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-7180793_341="1" data-gtm-vis-recent-on-screen-7180793_343="1169" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-7180793_343="1169" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-7180793_343="100" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-7180793_343="1" data-gtm-vis-recent-on-screen-7180793_370="1179" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-7180793_370="1179" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-7180793_370="100" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-7180793_370="1">
<div class="eight columns bookLeft">
<div class="four columns bookCover">
<a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#contentsTabAnchor" onclick="showSelectedTab('contents'); "><span>Look Inside </span></a>
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781107021228.jpg" alt="Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics">
<div class="twelve columns noPaddingLeft">
<p>
<a id="btn-req-backlist-convert" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" rel="nofollow">
<i>I want this title to be available as an eBook</i>
</a>
</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var BacklistConvert = new function () {
var self = this;
self.authors = ["Werner Abraham"];
self.authorsStr = '';
if (self.authors.length > 1) {
if (self.authors.length < 3) {
self.authorsStr = self.authors[0] + ' and ' + self.authors[1];
} else {
for (x in self.authors) {
if (x == (self.authors.length - 1)) {
self.authorsStr += 'and ' + self.authors[x];
} else {
self.authorsStr += self.authors[x] + ', ';
}
}
}
} else {
self.authorsStr = self.authors[0];
}
self.sendRequest = function (titleCode) {
$.ajax({
type: 'POST',
url: "/at/tools/packages/cambridge_themes/request_backlist_convert",
data: {'title_code': titleCode},
success: function (resp) {
if (resp.success) {
msg = 'Thank you for requesting "'
+ "Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics" +'" by ' + self.authorsStr + ' in eBook format. '
+ 'Our goal is to make as many titles available electronically as possible.';
} else {
msg = resp.msg;
}
self.showModal(msg);
},
error: function (req, status, err) {
self.showModal(req.responseText);
}
});
};
self.showModal = function (msg) {
$('#modal-backlist-request p').text(msg);
$('#modal-backlist-request').reveal();
};
self.requestExists = function (titleCode) {
if (!localStorage['backlist_title_codes']) {
$('#btn-req-backlist-convert').removeClass('disabled_ebook_request');
} else {
var arrTitleCodes = JSON.parse(localStorage['backlist_title_codes']);
if (arrTitleCodes.indexOf(titleCode) > -1) {
$('#btn-req-backlist-convert').addClass('disabled_ebook_request');
} else {
$('#btn-req-backlist-convert').removeClass('disabled_ebook_request');
}
}
}
}
if (typeof(Storage) !== 'undefined') {
BacklistConvert.requestExists(titleCode);
} else {
if (!$('#btn-req-backlist-convert').hasClass('disabled_ebook_request'))
$('#btn-req-backlist-convert').addClass('disabled_ebook_request');
}
$('#btn-req-backlist-convert').click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
if (!$(this).hasClass('disabled_ebook_request')) {
if (typeof(Storage) !== 'undefined') {
if (!localStorage['backlist_title_codes']) {
localStorage['backlist_title_codes'] = JSON.stringify([titleCode]);
BacklistConvert.sendRequest(titleCode);
} else {
var arrTitleCodes = JSON.parse(localStorage['backlist_title_codes']);
if (arrTitleCodes.indexOf(titleCode) == -1) {
arrTitleCodes.push(titleCode);
BacklistConvert.sendRequest(titleCode);
}
localStorage['backlist_title_codes'] = JSON.stringify(arrTitleCodes);
}
$(this).addClass('disabled_ebook_request');
} else {
var msg = 'Could not process your request at this time.';
BacklistConvert.showModal(msg);
}
}
});
</script>
</div>
<div class="eight columns bookDetailsWrap">
<h1>Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics</h1>
<div class="mobilePriceContainer">
<h2>£85.00</h2> </div>
<p>Part of <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/english-language-and-linguistics-general-interest/series/cambridge-studies-linguistics">Cambridge Studies in Linguistics</a></p><ul class="productDetails"><li>Author: <span><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#bookPeople" onclick="showSelectedTab('authors');"><span>Werner Abraham</span></a>, <span>Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands</span></span></li></ul>
<ul class="productDetails">
<li>Publication planned for: <span>September 2020</span></li><li>availability: <span>Available </span></li><li>format: <span>Hardback</span></li><li>isbn: <span>9781107021228</span></li> </ul>
<div>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="button grey ratingButton" data-reveal-id="signIn" onclick="document.cookie='openRR=1';">
Rate & review </a>
</div>
</div> </div>
<div class="four columns bookRight">
<div class="priceContainer">
<h2>
<span>£</span>
<span>85.00</span>
<span></span>
<br>
<span class="priceFormatLegend">
Hardback </span>
</h2>
</div>
<div class="twelve columns productSide">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="button blue addToCartBtn buyProduct large " onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'add to cart 3', 'clicked to add to cart - title page', 'clicked to add to cart - Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics( 428774 )');" rel="nofollow" data-isbn="9781107021228" data-country="AT" data-page="academic" data-discountcode=""><span></span>Add to cart</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" id="wishlistButton" class="button grey large wishlistProduct wishlist-btn" onclick="revealLoginDialog2(); ga('send', 'event', 'add to cart ', 'clicked to add to wishlist - title page', 'clicked to add to wishlist - Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics( 428774 )');" title="add" alt="Add to wishlist">
<span></span>Add to wishlist
</a>
<script type="text/javascript">
function revealLoginDialog2() {
$('#signIn').reveal({
close: function() {
$('input#dynamicPageUrl').val($('input#dynamicPageUrl').val().replace('&wishlist=1', '').replace('?wishlist=1', '') ) ;
try {
$('input#dynamicPageUrl').val(removeURLParameter($('input#dynamicPageUrl').val(), 'notifyTitle'));
} catch(err) {
}
}
});
}
$(document).ready(function() {
var oldText = $('#signIn p').text();
$('#wishlistButton').click(function() {
$('#signIn p').text('Please sign in to use the wishlist'); // set login text to wishlist specific
dynamicPageUrl = $('input#dynamicPageUrl').val();
if (dynamicPageUrl && dynamicPageUrl.indexOf('wishlist') == -1) {
dynamicPageUrl = dynamicPageUrl.replace('&wishlist=1', '').replace('?wishlist=1', '');
if (dynamicPageUrl.indexOf('?') == -1) {
$('input#dynamicPageUrl').val(dynamicPageUrl + '?wishlist=1');
} else {
$('input#dynamicPageUrl').val(dynamicPageUrl + '&wishlist=1');
}
}
});
$('#sign_in_button').click(function() {
$('#signIn p').text(oldText); // set login text back to original
$('input#dynamicPageUrl').val($('input#dynamicPageUrl').val().replace('&wishlist=1', '').replace('?wishlist=1', ''));
});
$('#sign_in_button_mobile').click(function() {
$('#signIn p').text(oldText); // set login text back to original
$('input#dynamicPageUrl').val($('input#dynamicPageUrl').val().replace('&wishlist=1', '').replace('?wishlist=1', ''));
});
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
function open_link(new_window_link) {
window.open(
new_window_link,
'1359297944740',
'width=700,height=500,toolbar=0,menubar=0,location=0,status=1,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,left=0,top=0'
);
return false;
}
</script>
<span class="productInspection">
<span></span>
<div class="productDetailsRight">
<h3>Looking for an inspection copy?</h3>
<p>
This title is not currently available on inspection </p>
</div>
</span>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="modal-backlist-request" class="reveal-modal">
<p></p>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div id="modal-resources" class="reveal-modal">
<div id="modal-resources-item-wrapper"></div>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div class="wrapStandard">
<div class="row product-details product-page-details">
<div class="eight columns noPaddingRight" style="padding-right: 15px;" id="leftTitleTab">
<a name="contentsTabAnchor"></a>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function () {
$('#product-tabs > dd > a').unbind();
$('#product-tabs > dd > a:not(.tabDescription)').bind('click', function (e) {
if ($(this).parent().hasClass('disabled')) {
$(this).blur();
}
return false;
});
$('#product-tabs > dd > a').bind('click', function (e) {
if (!$(this).parent().hasClass('disabled')) {
if (ga !== undefined) {
var $tabName = $(this).attr('href').substring(1);
ga(
'send',
'event',
'Languages and linguistics/Grammar and syntax/Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics' + ' tab',
'clicked',
'Click for Languages and linguistics/Grammar and syntax/Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics'
);
}
}
return false;
});
});
</script>
<div class="selected-tab show-for-small" id="selected-tab">Description</div>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" id="tab-dropdown" class="tab-dropdown show-for-small">Product filter button</a>
<dl class="tabs " id="product-tabs">
<dd class="active">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#description" class="tabDescription nonResources">
<span></span>Description
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#contents" class="tabContents nonResources">
<span></span>Contents
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="disabled">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#resources" class="tabResources">
<span></span>Resources
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="disabled">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#courses" class="tabCourses nonResources">
<span></span>Courses
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#authors" id="bookPeople" class="tabAuthors nonResources">
<span></span>About the Authors
</a>
</dd>
</dl>
<ul class="tabs-content">
<li class="active" id="descriptionTab" style="display: block;">
<p>What do we mean when we say things like 'If only we knew what he was up to!' Clearly this is more than just a message, or a question to our addressee. We are expressing simultaneously that we don't know, and also that we wish to know. Several modes of encoding contribute to such modalities of expression: word order, subordinating subjunctions, sentences that are subordinated but nevertheless occur autonomously, and attitudinal discourse adverbs which, far beyond lexical adverbials of modality, allow the speaker and the listener to presuppose full agreement, partial agreement under presupposed conditions, or negotiation of common ground. This state of the art survey proposes a new model of modality, drawing on data from a variety of Germanic and Slavic languages to find out what is cross-linguistically universal about modality, and to argue that it is a constitutive part of human cognition.</p><div class="contentHidden"><ul class="academicArrowList"><li></li><li> Discusses mood-modality representations from different language perspectives
</li><li> Provides innovative explanations for the links between modality and aspect
</li><li> Avoids hard and soft approaches, and proposes a new view of the linguistic modules of mood and modality</li></ul></div><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" class="arrow contentToggle">Read more</a>
<a name="user_reviews"></a>
<h2>Customer reviews</h2>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" onclick="document.cookie='openRR=1';" data-reveal-id="signIn"><h3 class="nocaps">Not yet reviewed</h3><p class="firstToReviewPrompt">Be the first to review</p></a>
<div>
<h3>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" onclick="document.cookie='openRR=1';" data-reveal-id="signIn">
Log in to review </a>
</h3>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
$("div.ccm-rating input[type=radio]").rating();
$("#ratePanel").appendTo("body"); // needed to apply correct styles
$("#editPanel").appendTo("body"); // needed to apply correct styles
$("#profanityMessage").appendTo("body"); // needed to apply correct styles
});
$(function(){
$(".edit_review").click(function() {
$.post(
"/at/tools/packages/product_reviews/ajax_get_entry",
{
entryID : $(this).attr('id'),
productID : 428774 }
).done(function(data) {
var i = 1;
var rating = (data.rating / 20);
$("#ratePanel .rating-star").each(function() {
$(this).addClass("rating-star-on");
if (i == rating) {
return false;
}
i++;
});
$("#ratePanel #commentText").val(data.commentText);
$("#ratePanel [name=entryID]").val(data.entryID);
$(".rating-star-control").val(data.rating);
$(".createReviewWrapper > h2").html(", edit a review");
});
});
});
$(function() {
$("#publish_submit").click(function(event) {
$('#publish_submit').prop('disabled',true);
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
var error = false;
var passed = false;
var chVal = $('[name="ccmCaptchaCode"]').val();
/*$.post(
"/at/tools/packages/cambridge_themes/validate_captcha",
{ ccmCaptchaCode: chVal }
).done(function(data) {
if (!!data.result === true) {
$("#captcha_error").css( "display", "none");
passed = true;
if (error == false) {
$("#review_form").submit();
}
} else {
error = true;
$("#captcha_error").css("display", "block");
}
});*/
var count = $.trim($('#commentText').val()).split(" ");
if (count.length < 12) {
$("#review_text_short_error").css("display", "block");
error = true;
} else {
$("#review_text_short_error").css("display", "none");
}
if ($(".rating-star-control").val() == 0) {
$("#rating_error").css("display", "block");
error = true;
} else {
$("#rating_error").css("display", "none");
}
/*if ($('[name="ccmCaptchaCode"]').val().length == 0) {
$("#captcha_error").css("display", "block");
error = true;
} else {
$("#captcha_error").css("display", "none");
}*/
if (error == true) {
$('#publish_submit').prop('disabled', false);
return false;
} else {
// $("#review_form").submit();
$.post(
"/at/tools/packages/product_reviews/check_review",
{
commentText: jQuery("#commentText").val(),
productID: 428774,
entryID: jQuery("#entryID").val(),
rating: jQuery("#rating").val(),
action: jQuery("#action").val()
}
).done(function(data) {
if (data == 1) {
$("#profanityMessage").reveal({
"closed": function() {
location.reload();
}
});
return false;
} else {
jQuery("#review_form").submit();
}
});
}
});
});
function refreshCaptcha() {
$(".ccm-captcha-image").attr('src', '/tools/required/captcha?nocache=' + (new Date().getTime()));
}
</script>
<style type="text/css">
#captchaCont { clear:both; }
.ccm-input-captcha {
clear:both;
float:left;
width:150px!important;
}
#captcha_left {
width:200px;
float:left;
}
#captcha_right {
float:left;
width:150px;
padding-left:0px;
}
#control_captcha_cont {
height:40px;
width:19px;
float:left;
clear:right;
margin-right:10px;
}
#captcha_refresh {
float:left;
clear:left;
}
#error_cont {
font-size: 18px;
color:red;
width:90%;
}
.hidden_warning { display:none; }
#captchaCont { padding-bottom:10px; }
#commentText { width:90%; }
#captcha_refresh_text { color:#2B7AB5; }
</style>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
<h2>Product details</h2>
<ul class="productDetails">
<li>Publication planned for: <span>September 2020</span></li><li>format: <span>Hardback</span></li><li>isbn: <span>9781107021228</span></li> </ul>
<ul class="productDetails">
<li>dimensions: <span>229 x 152 x 25 mm</span></li><li>weight: <span>0.777kg</span></li><li>availability: <span>Available</span></li> </ul>
</li>
<li id="contentsTab"><div class="six columns"><h2>Table of Contents</h2><p>Part I. Modes of Modality: Introduction<br> 1. Pragmatics: modality and speaker orientation<br> 2. (Inter) subjectification and foreign consciousness alignment<br> 3. Modality as distance – from aspect to modality<br> Part II. Verbal Modality:<br>4. The syntax-semantic-pragmatic interface of modal verbs<br> 5. The perspectival specifics of verb modality in German<br> 6. The syntax of modal verbs in German, Dutch, and English<br> 7. Modal verb semantics<br> Part III. Adverbial Modality Distance: From Apect to Mpp:<br>8. Modal particles: the enigmatic category<br> 9. The attitudinal force of modal particles<br> 10. Modal particles between context, conversation, and convention<br> 11. Modal particles outside of finiteness<br> Part IV. Covert Modality:<br>12. Covert patterns of modality.</p></div><div class="six columns" style="padding-right: 0px;"><h2>Look Inside</h2><ul class="pdf-download-list"><a href="https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/21228/index/9781107021228_index.pdf" target="_blank"><li> Index (89 KB)</li></a><a href="https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/21228/copyright/9781107021228_copyright_info.pdf" target="_blank"><li> Copyright Information Page (46 KB)</li></a><a href="https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/21228/frontmatter/9781107021228_frontmatter.pdf" target="_blank"><li> Front Matter (220 KB)</li></a><a href="https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/21228/excerpt/9781107021228_excerpt.pdf" target="_blank"><li> Marketing Excerpt (126 KB)</li></a><a href="https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/21228/toc/9781107021228_toc.pdf" target="_blank"><li> Table of Contents (88 KB)</li></a></ul><hr></div></li><li id="authorsTab"><h2>Author</h2><p><strong>Werner Abraham</strong>, <em>Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands</em><br>Werner Abraham is Professor Emeritus in Linguistics and Mediaeval Studies at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Honorary Professor at the Universität Wien, and is still active at the Ludwig Maximilan University of Munich, Germany. He is author of more than 350 articles, 5 monographs, and 35 book collections.</p></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="four columns rightBorder" id="rightTitleTab">
<div class="relatedItemsWrap">
<h2>Related Books</h2>
<div class="flexslider">
<div class="flex-viewport" style="overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><ul class="slides" style="width: 2400%; margin-left: -289px;"><li class="eeData eeImpression clone" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Syntactic Constructions in English" data-ee-id="9781108470339" data-ee-price="79.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="10" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/syntactic-constructions-english?format=HB&isbn=9781108470339">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781108470339.jpg" alt="Syntactic Constructions in English">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Syntactic Constructions in English</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression flex-active-slide" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Syntactic Anchors" data-ee-id="9780521865326" data-ee-price="93" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="1" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/syntactic-anchors-semantic-structuring?format=HB&isbn=9780521865326">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9780521865326.jpg" alt="Syntactic Anchors">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Syntactic Anchors</h4>
<p>On Semantic Structuring</p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Exploring the Syntax-Semantics Interface" data-ee-id="9780521811798" data-ee-price="72" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="2" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/exploring-syntax-semantics-interface?format=HB&isbn=9780521811798">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9780521811798.jpg" alt="Exploring the Syntax-Semantics Interface">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Exploring the Syntax-Semantics Interface</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Arguments in Syntax and Semantics" data-ee-id="9780521190961" data-ee-price="64.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="3" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/arguments-syntax-and-semantics?format=HB&isbn=9780521190961">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9780521190961.jpg" alt="Arguments in Syntax and Semantics">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Arguments in Syntax and Semantics</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Contrasts and Positions in Information Structure" data-ee-id="9781107001985" data-ee-price="80.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="4" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/contrasts-and-positions-information-structure?format=HB&isbn=9781107001985">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781107001985.jpg" alt="Contrasts and Positions in Information Structure">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Contrasts and Positions in Information Structure</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Universal Semantic Syntax" data-ee-id="9781108476805" data-ee-price="85" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="5" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/universal-semantic-syntax-semiotactic-approach?format=HB&isbn=9781108476805">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781108476805.jpg" alt="Universal Semantic Syntax">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Universal Semantic Syntax</h4>
<p>A Semiotactic Approach</p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Korean Syntax and Semantics" data-ee-id="9781108417198" data-ee-price="95" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="6" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/korean-syntax-and-semantics?format=HB&isbn=9781108417198">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781108417198.jpg" alt="Korean Syntax and Semantics">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Korean Syntax and Semantics</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="The Linguistic Typology of Templates" data-ee-id="9781107015029" data-ee-price="81.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="7" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/linguistic-typology-templates?format=HB&isbn=9781107015029">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781107015029.jpg" alt="The Linguistic Typology of Templates">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>The Linguistic Typology of Templates</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Control in Generative Grammar" data-ee-id="9781107016972" data-ee-price="73.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="8" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/control-generative-grammar-research-companion?format=HB&isbn=9781107016972">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781107016972.jpg" alt="Control in Generative Grammar">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Control in Generative Grammar</h4>
<p>A Research Companion</p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Null Subjects" data-ee-id="9781107034105" data-ee-price="67.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="9" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/null-subjects?format=HB&isbn=9781107034105">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781107034105.jpg" alt="Null Subjects">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Null Subjects</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Syntactic Constructions in English" data-ee-id="9781108470339" data-ee-price="79.99" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="10" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/syntactic-constructions-english?format=HB&isbn=9781108470339">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9781108470339.jpg" alt="Syntactic Constructions in English">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Syntactic Constructions in English</h4>
<p></p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="eeData eeImpression clone" data-ee-currency-code="GBP" data-ee-name="Syntactic Anchors" data-ee-id="9780521865326" data-ee-price="93" data-ee-brand="academic" data-ee-category="Language and linguistics [Grammar and syntax]" data-ee-variant="Hardback" data-ee-list="Related Books" data-ee-position="1" data-ee-cambridge-id="" data-ee-area-of-interest="" data-ee-job-title="" data-ee-user-type="" style="width: 289px; float: left; display: block;">
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/syntactic-anchors-semantic-structuring?format=HB&isbn=9780521865326">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/9780521865326.jpg" alt="Syntactic Anchors">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Syntactic Anchors</h4>
<p>On Semantic Structuring</p>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</li></ul></div><ol class="flex-control-nav flex-control-paging"><li><a class="flex-active">1</a></li><li><a>2</a></li><li><a>3</a></li><li><a>4</a></li><li><a>5</a></li><li><a>6</a></li><li><a>7</a></li><li><a>8</a></li><li><a>9</a></li><li><a>10</a></li></ol><ul class="flex-direction-nav"><li><a class="flex-prev" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#">Previous</a></li><li><a class="flex-next" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#">Next</a></li></ul></div>
</div>
<div class="relatedItemsWrap"><h2>related journals</h2><div class="flexslider"><ul class="slides"> <li>
<div class="relatedItem">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/SLR/type/JOURNAL" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'external link', 'Clicked on outbound link-related journals', 'Journals links (https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/SLR/type/JOURNAL)');">
<img src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/slavic review.jpg" alt="SLR">
<div class="detailsWrapper">
<h4>Slavic Review</h4>
<p></p> </div>
</a>
</div>
</li>
</ul></div></div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
$('dd:not(.disabled) > .tabResources').click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
$('#rightTitleTab').hide();
$('#leftTitleTab').removeClass('eight').addClass('twelve');
var $curProp = $('#signinSubmitPop').attr('onclick');
if ($curProp == undefined) {
// No onclick attribute
$('#signinSubmitPop').attr('onclick', 'TitleResources.storeRedirectCookie();');
} else {
// Has onclick attribute, most of the time a GA function
$('#signinSubmitPop').attr('onclick', $curProp + 'TitleResources.storeRedirectCookie();');
}
$('.registerLink').attr('onclick', 'TitleResources.storeRedirectCookie();');
var $tabName = $(this).attr('href').substring(1);
showSelectedTab($tabName);
});
$('dd:not(.disabled) > .nonResources').click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
$('#rightTitleTab').show();
$('#leftTitleTab').removeClass('twelve').addClass('eight');
var $curProp = $('#signinSubmitPop').attr('onclick');
if ($curProp != undefined) {
if ($curProp.indexOf('TitleResources') >= 0) {
$('#signinSubmitPop').attr('onclick', $curProp.substring(0, $curProp.indexOf('TitleResources')));
}
$('.registerLink').removeAttr('onclick');
}
var $tabName = $(this).attr('href').substring(1);
showSelectedTab($tabName);
});
});
if (window.location.hash == '#resources') {
$('#leftTitleTab').removeClass('eight').addClass('twelve');
$('#rightTitleTab').hide();
$('html, body').animate({
scrollTop: $("#product-tabs").offset().top
});
}
if (window.location.hash == '#description' || window.location.hash == '#contents' ||
window.location.hash == '#courses' || window.location.hash == '#authors' ||
window.location.hash == '#addInfo'
) {
$('html, body').animate({
scrollTop: $("#product-tabs").offset().top
});
}
</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrapGrey browseRelated">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h2>Browse by related subject</h2>
</div>
<div class="four columns">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/african-and-caribbean-language-and-linguistics">African and Caribbean language and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/applied-linguistics-and-second-language-acquisition">Applied linguistics and second language acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/arabic-and-middle-eastern-language-and-linguistics">Arabic and Middle Eastern language and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/asian-language-and-linguistics">Asian language and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/cognitive-linguistics">Cognitive linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/computational-linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/discourse-analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/english-language-and-linguistics-general-interest">English language and linguistics: general interest</a></li></ul></div><div class="four columns"><ul><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/european-language-and-linguistics">European language and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/evolution-language">Evolution of language</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax">Grammar and syntax</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/historical-linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/history-english-language">History of the English language</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/latin-american-language-and-linguistics">Latin American language and linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/morphology">Morphology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/other-languages-and-linguistics">Other languages and linguistics</a></li></ul></div><div class="four columns"><ul><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/phonetics-and-phonology">Phonetics and phonology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/psycholinguistics-and-neurolinguistics">Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/research-methods-linguistics">Research methods in linguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/semantics-and-pragmatics">Semantics and pragmatics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sign-language">Sign language</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/stylistics">Stylistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/multilingualism">Multilingualism</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="signIn" class="reveal-modal small">
<h2>Sign In</h2>
<p>Please sign in to access your account</p>
<form method="post" id="loginPopup" action="https://www.cambridge.org/at/signin/do_login">
<input type="hidden" id="rcID" name="rcID" value="2139">
<input type="hidden" id="redirectUrl" name="redirectUrl" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="dynamicPageUrl" name="dynamicPageUrl" value="/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA">
<input type="hidden" id="theme" name="theme" value="Academic_v1">
<fieldset>
<div class="formRow fullRow">
<label for="uNamePop">
Email Address </label>
<input type="email" name="uName" id="uNamePop" value="" tabindex="1" placeholder="e.g. name@domain.com" class="validate[required,custom[email]]">
</div>
<div class="formRow fullRow">
<label for="uPasswordPop">Password</label>
<input type="password" id="uPasswordPop" name="uPassword" value="" tabindex="1" class="validate[required]">
<a id="fPasswordPop" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/forgot_user_password" tabindex="1" class="formLink">
Forgotten your password? </a>
</div>
<div class="formRow fullRow">
<label for="uMaintainLogin">
<input id="uMaintainLogin" type="checkbox" tabindex="1" value="1" name="uMaintainLogin"> Remain logged in to website. </label>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" onclick="return false;" class="button grey large close-reveal-modal" tabindex="1"><span></span>Cancel</a>
<input type="submit" id="signinSubmitPop" name="signing-submit" value="Sign in" class="button large blue" tabindex="1" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Log in', 'Clicked to log in', 'Clicked log in (Modal)');">
</div>
</fieldset>
</form>
<hr>
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/register" id="lightboxRegisterLink" class="formLink" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Create account', 'Clicked to create account (modal) ', 'Clicked to create account (modal)');">
Not already registered? Create an account now.</a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
$("#loginPopup").validationEngine(
'attach',
{
promptPosition : "inline",
prettySelect: true,
maxErrorsPerField: 1,
usePrefix: 'dk_container_',
onValidationComplete: function(form, status) {
if (status === true) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
);
$("#sign_in_button").click(function() {
$("#signIn").reveal();
return false;
});
$("#sign_in_button_mobile").click(function() {
$("#signIn").reveal();
return false;
});
$('#registerFormLightbox').click(function() {
document.registerForm.submit();
});
});
</script>
<div id="resources-lightbox" class="resource-popup reveal-modal small">
<div id="file-locked-warning"></div>
<h3>Sorry, this resource is locked</h3>
<p>
Please register or sign in to request access. If you are having problems accessing these resources please email
<a href="mailto:lecturers@cambridge.org">lecturers@cambridge.org</a>
</p>
<a class="button" href="https://www.cambridge.org/register" onclick="javascript:TitleResources.storeRedirectCookie()">Register</a>
<a class="button grey" href="https://www.cambridge.org/signin" onclick="javascript:TitleResources.storeRedirectCookie()">Sign in</a>
</div>
<div id="resource-note-lightbox" class="reveal-modal small ">
<div class="twelve columns">
Please note that this file is password protected. You will be asked to input your password on the next screen.<br><br>
» <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA" class="resourceLink" rel="" target="_blank">Proceed</a>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
$('.resourceLink').click(function() {
$('#resource-note-lightbox').trigger('reveal:close');
});
$('#resources-lightbox > .button').click(function() {
$('#resources-lightbox').trigger('reveal:close');
});
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
$('.ebook').click(function() {
ebookUrl = $(this).attr('href');
$("#ebookModal").reveal();
return false;
});
$('#btnContinueEbook').click(function() {
window.location.href = ebookUrl
});
});
</script>
<div id="ebookModal" class="reveal-modal small">
<p>You are now leaving the Cambridge University Press website. Your eBook purchase and download will be
completed by our partner www.ebooks.com. Please see the permission section of the www.ebooks.com catalogue
page for details of the print & copy limits on our eBooks.</p>
<a class="blue large button right close-reveal-modal" id="btnContinueEbook">Continue</a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div id="wishListModal" class="reveal-modal small">
<h3 id="wishlistMessage"></h3>
<a class="blue large button right close-reveal-modal">Continue</a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div id="notifyTitleModal" class="reveal-modal medium">
<h3 id="notifyTitleMessage"></h3>
<a id="notifyTitleModalContinue" class="blue large button right close-reveal-modal">Continue</a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div id="notifyTitleModalRemovePrompt" class="reveal-modal medium" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog">
<h3 id="notifyTitleRemoveMessage">Remove this title from your notification list?</h3>
<a id="notifyTitleModalRemoveCancel" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" onclick="return false;" class="button grey large close-reveal-modal" tabindex="1"><span></span>Cancel</a>
<a id="notifyTitleModalRemoveContinue" class="blue large button right close-reveal-modal">Continue</a>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div class="wrapTexture footerShareWrap" style="display: block;">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns socialFooter">
<div class="addThisButtons">
<div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style">
<a class="addthis_button_facebook at300b" title="Facebook" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(59, 89, 152); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-facebook-5" title="Facebook" alt="Facebook" class="at-icon at-icon-facebook" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-facebook-5">Facebook</title><g><path d="M22 5.16c-.406-.054-1.806-.16-3.43-.16-3.4 0-5.733 1.825-5.733 5.17v2.882H9v3.913h3.837V27h4.604V16.965h3.823l.587-3.913h-4.41v-2.5c0-1.123.347-1.903 2.198-1.903H22V5.16z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_button_twitter at300b" tw:via="cambup_books" title="Twitter" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(29, 161, 242); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-twitter-6" title="Twitter" alt="Twitter" class="at-icon at-icon-twitter" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-twitter-6">Twitter</title><g><path d="M27.996 10.116c-.81.36-1.68.602-2.592.71a4.526 4.526 0 0 0 1.984-2.496 9.037 9.037 0 0 1-2.866 1.095 4.513 4.513 0 0 0-7.69 4.116 12.81 12.81 0 0 1-9.3-4.715 4.49 4.49 0 0 0-.612 2.27 4.51 4.51 0 0 0 2.008 3.755 4.495 4.495 0 0 1-2.044-.564v.057a4.515 4.515 0 0 0 3.62 4.425 4.52 4.52 0 0 1-2.04.077 4.517 4.517 0 0 0 4.217 3.134 9.055 9.055 0 0 1-5.604 1.93A9.18 9.18 0 0 1 6 23.85a12.773 12.773 0 0 0 6.918 2.027c8.3 0 12.84-6.876 12.84-12.84 0-.195-.005-.39-.014-.583a9.172 9.172 0 0 0 2.252-2.336" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_button_linkedin at300b" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(0, 119, 181); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-linkedin-7" title="LinkedIn" alt="LinkedIn" class="at-icon at-icon-linkedin" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-linkedin-7">LinkedIn</title><g><path d="M26 25.963h-4.185v-6.55c0-1.56-.027-3.57-2.175-3.57-2.18 0-2.51 1.7-2.51 3.46v6.66h-4.182V12.495h4.012v1.84h.058c.558-1.058 1.924-2.174 3.96-2.174 4.24 0 5.022 2.79 5.022 6.417v7.386zM8.23 10.655a2.426 2.426 0 0 1 0-4.855 2.427 2.427 0 0 1 0 4.855zm-2.098 1.84h4.19v13.468h-4.19V12.495z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_button_compact at300m" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(255, 101, 80); line-height: 16px; height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" role="img" aria-labelledby="at-svg-addthis-8" title="More" alt="More" class="at-icon at-icon-addthis" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;"><title id="at-svg-addthis-8">AddThis</title><g><path d="M18 14V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
<a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" style="display: inline-block;"><a class="addthis_button_expanded" target="_blank" title="More" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#">0</a><a class="atc_s addthis_button_compact">Share<span></span></a></a>
<script type="text/javascript">
var addthis_config = { "data_track_addressbar": false };
var addthis_share = {
templates: {
twitter: '{{title}} {{url}} via @CUPAcademic',
}
};
</script>
<div class="atclear"></div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrapFooter">
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns">
<div class="heroPromo">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/alerts_new" target="_blank">
<h3>Save <strong>20% off</strong> on your next online purchase with Cambridge Alerts</h3>
<p>Receive email alerts on new books, offers and news...</p>
</a><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/alerts_new" class="button black arrow" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'Subscribe to alerts ', 'Clicked on Subscribe to alerts', 'Clicked subscribe to alerts (/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax) ( hero_promo_footer )');"><span></span>Subscribe</a>
</div> </div>
<div class="four columns">
<div class="findContent">
<h3>Find content that relates to you</h3>
<fieldset>
<label for="aim2" class="hidden">Find content that relates to you</label>
<div class="dk_container dk_theme_default" id="dk_container_aim2" tabindex="0" style="display: block;"><a class="dk_toggle" style="width: 100%;"><span class="dk_label">I am a...</span></a><div class="dk_options"><ul class="dk_options_inner"><li class="dk_option_current "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="#">I am a...</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="authors">Author</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="bookseller">Bookseller</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="company">Company</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="journalist">Journalist</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="textbooks">Lecturer</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="librarian">Librarian</a></li><li class=" "><a data-dk-dropdown-value="society">Society</a></li></ul></div></div><select name="aim2" id="aim2" class="pretty dk" style="display: none;">
<option value="#">I am a...</option>
<option value="authors">Author</option>
<option value="bookseller">Bookseller</option>
<option value="company">Company</option>
<option value="journalist">Journalist</option>
<option value="textbooks">Lecturer</option>
<option value="librarian">Librarian</option>
<option value="society">Society</option>
</select>
</fieldset>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
$("#aim2").dropkick({
change: function(value, label) {
window.location = CCM_REL + '/academic/' + value;
}
});
});
</script> </div>
<div class="four columns">
<h3 data-tapp="txt_footerjoinus">Join us online</h3>
<ul class="joinUsOnline">
<li class="linkedIn">
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/cambridge-university-press" target="_blank" data-tapp="icn_footerlinkedin">LinkedIn</a>
</li>
<li class="facebook">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/CambridgeUniversityPress" target="_blank" data-tapp="icn_footerfacebook">Facebook</a>
</li>
<li class="youTube">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/CambridgeUP" target="_blank" data-tapp="icn_footeryoutube">YouTube</a>
</li>
<li class="twitter">
<a href="https://twitter.com/CambridgeUP" target="_blank" data-tapp="icn_footertwitter">Twitter</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$('.close').click(function() {
$('.disclosure-container').slideUp();
$('#content').css("padding-top","0");
$('.cartWrapper').animate({'top':'55px'});
// GAW-2286 - Search box is pushed ... add code for firefox / ie..
// removed $.browser.webkit and used 750 for minwidth / ebaluyo - 2015-05-27
if ($(window).width() <= 750)
{
$('.searchWrapper').removeAttr("style");
}
else
{
$('.searchWrapper').animate({'top':'103px'});
}
$('.openPageSlide').animate({'position':'absolute'});
$('.openPageSlide.expand').css({'z-index':'200'});
});
$('#cookieNotice').remove();
$('#content').css("padding-top","0");
</script>
<div class="mainfooter twelve columns">
<div class="ninesixty columns centered">
<ul id="footernav">
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/legal-notices">Privacy & Legal</a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/who-we-are/cambridges-ethics">Our Ethics</a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/legal-notices/anti-slavery-and-human-trafficking">Modern Slavery Statement</a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/rights-permissions">Rights & Permissions</a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a data-ajax-reveal-id="yourFeedback" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/feedback">Feedback </a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/about-us/media">Media</a></li>
<li class="pipe">
<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li>
<li><a class="icon lifebuoy" title="Lifebuoy" aria-label="Lifebuoy" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/support"></a></li>
<li class="right">© Cambridge University Press 2020</li>
<li class="mobile-icons"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#global-nav" class="arrow-up up hide-text">back to top</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
</div>
</div><script type="text/javascript" id="">(function(a){a("#globalnav a").each(function(){var b=a(this).attr("href");-1<b.indexOf("?utm")?a(this).attr("href",b.split("?utm")[0]):-1<b.indexOf("\x26utm")&&a(this).attr("href",b.split("\x26utm")[0])})})(jQuery);</script><script type="text/javascript" id="">(function(a){a("#globalnav").on("click","a",function(){a(this).attr("href")})})(jQuery);</script>
<div id="delete-account" class="reveal-modal">
<h2>Are you sure you want to delete your account?</h2>
<p>This cannot be undone.</p>
<form action="https://www.cambridge.org/at/signin/delete/confirmed/" method="post">
<a class="button grey large close-reveal-modal" href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/modality-syntax-semantics-and-pragmatics?format=HB&utm_source=SFMC&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Modality+in+Syntax%2c+Semantics+and+Pragmatics&utm_campaign=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA&WT.mc_id=RDT-Linguistics-CL-ComingSoon-Aug-2020_EMEA#" onclick="return false;"><span></span>Cancel</a>
<input type="hidden" name="secret_security_token" id="secret_security_token" value="1600248657:e179aceb1afd53be1eaedefdcb6cc402"> <input type="submit" class="button large red" value="Delete">
</form>
</div>
<div id="feedback_confirm" class="reveal-modal small">
<p>Thank you for your feedback which will help us improve our service.</p>
<p>If you requested a response, we will make sure to get back to you shortly.</p>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div id="feedback_validation" class="reveal-modal medium">
<div class="alert-box">
Please fill in the required fields in your feedback submission.
</div>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div>
<div id="yourFeedback" class="reveal-modal large"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var LOCALE = "de_AT";
var CURRENT_THEME = "Academic_v1";
var ACADEMIC_THEME_HANDLE = "Academic_v1";
var LEARNING_THEME_HANDLE = "Learning";
var isTablet = '';
var isMobile = '';
var data = {"GET":{"query":""},"hHandle":"global_navbar_ccp","pHandle":"cambridge_themes","action":"renderLocaleRevealForm","locale":"de_AT","businessStream":"academic"};
</script>
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="zaZApwnrrBwe94fhywE6bxDz_b2Np4e9XTMDV-6YqcU">
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
if (window.location.href.indexOf('/academic/subjects') >= 0) {
$.each($('.relatedItemsWrap .relatedItem a[href^="//journals.cambridge.org"]'), function () {
$(this).attr('href', 'http://' + this.href.substring(this.href.indexOf('journals')));
});
}
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var eduUrlPattern = new RegExp('^\/[a-z]{2}\/education');
if (!CWS_ECOMMERCE_ENABLED
&& !eduUrlPattern.test(window.location.pathname)
&& $('.addToCartBtn').length > 0) {
$(function () {
$('.addToCartBtn').removeClass('addToCartBtn').addClass('addToCartBtnPatch');
if ((VISTA_SERVICE_REGION === 'A' && IS_KK_AUS === '0') || (VISTA_SERVICE_REGION === 'E' && IS_KK_ASIA === '0')) {
if (IS_KK_ACS_ENABLED > 0) {
getVyreServicePatch();
}
} else {
getKonakartServicePatch();
}
function getKonakartServicePatch() {
jQuery('.addToCartBtnPatch').live('click', addToCartEventPatch);
// send request to cart WS
jQuery.ajax({
url: KK_MINI_CART,
dataType: 'xml',
success: mini_cart_successful_patch,
error: function () {
jQuery('#miniCartDetail .qty').show();
jQuery('#cartQty').html('(' + jQuery('#qtyValue').html() + ')');
},
// https://jira.cambridge.org/browse/KEP-453
cache: false
});
}
function getVyreServicePatch() {
// GAW-2570
if (jQuery('.addToCartBtnPatch.konakartLink').length > 0) {
jQuery('.addToCartBtnPatch.konakartLink').live('click', addToCartEventPatch);
}
$.ajax({
url: "/tools/packages/cambridge_themes/miniCart",
data: {
source: "Academic_v1"
},
success: function (data) {
if ($('#qtyValue').html() == 0) {
jQuery('#cartQty').html('');
var cartOpt = {
url: KK_MINI_CART,
dataType: 'xml',
success: mini_cart_successful_patch,
error: function () {
jQuery('#miniCartDetail .qty').show();
jQuery('#cartQty').html('(' + jQuery('#qtyValue').html() + ')');
},
// https://jira.cambridge.org/browse/KEP-453
cache: false
};
// send request to cart WS
jQuery.ajax(cartOpt);
jQuery("a.viewCart").attr("href", VYRE_BASKET);
jQuery("a.academicCheckout").attr("href", VYRE_BASKET);
var minicartDetail = '<p class="qty">You have <span id="qtyString"><span id="qtyValue">0</span> items</span> in your cart.</p>' +
'<div id="miniCartItems"></div>' +
'<div class="withItems" style="display:none;">' +
'<div id="subtotal"><h4>Subtotal: <span id="subtotalValue">0.0</span></h4></div>' +
'<div class="clearfix"></div>' +
'<div id="buttons">' +
'<a href="' + VYRE_BASKET + '" class="button blue large viewCart">View cart <span class="viewCartCountAcademic_v1" style="display:none;">(0)</span></a>' +
'<a href="' + VYRE_BASKET + '" class="button orange large checkout academicCheckout">Checkout</a>' +
'</div>' +
'</div>';
$("#miniCartDetail").html(minicartDetail);
} else {
hasAsp = true;
}
}
});
}
});
var errorCallBackPatch = function () {
// hide the view cart
if (cartItemCount < 1) {
jQuery('.viewCart').hide();
}
jQuery('#itemAddedMessage').text("There was a problem getting your cart information.");
jQuery('#itemAddedModal').reveal();
};
var completeCallBackPatch = function () {
alreadyClicked = false;
countryChange = true;
jQuery('body').css('cursor', 'auto');
};
var addToCartEventPatch = function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
// check first if the user hasn't clicked on the link to prevent multiple
// AJAX requests
if (alreadyClicked == false) {
alreadyClicked = true;
// make the body to show wait cursor while processing
jQuery('body').css('cursor', 'wait');
addToCartPatch(jQuery(this).data());
}
};
/**
* upon success of calling add to cart WS
* @param data xml returned data from ecom
* @param textStatus test status
* @param isbn string added isbn
*/
var add_to_cart_successful_patch = function (data, textStatus, isbn) {
var $cartData = jQuery(data);
// hack to get HTML content in XML
var cartErrorMessage = $cartData.find('errorMessage').text().trim();
var cartInfoMessage = $cartData.find('infoMessage').text().trim();
// get cart lines in the cart WS
var cartLines = processCartDataPatch(data);
refresh_cart_patch(cartLines);
// check first if we have error message then display it instead of item added message
if (cartErrorMessage !== '') {
jQuery('#addToCartCustom h4').html(cartErrorMessage);
jQuery('#addToCartCustom h4').css('text-transform', 'none');
jQuery('#addToCartCustom').reveal();
} else if (cartInfoMessage !== '') {
jQuery('#addToCartCustom h4').html(cartInfoMessage);
jQuery('#addToCartCustom h4').css('text-transform', 'none');
jQuery('#addToCartCustom').reveal();
} else {
// hide the view cart
if (cartItemCount < 1) {
jQuery('.viewCart').hide();
}
jQuery('#itemAddedMessage').text("Item added to your cart!");
jQuery('#itemAddedModal').reveal();
googleTagManagerPatch(isbn);
}
};
// upon success of calling cart WS
var mini_cart_successful_patch = function (data, textStatus) {
// get cart lines in the cart WS
var cartLines = processCartDataPatch(data);
refresh_cart_patch(cartLines);
};
/**
* Convert data collected from the cart WS and traverse and store it in array
* @param {XML} xml Expected XML cart data
* @return {Array} Array list of lines (products) in the cart
*/
var processCartDataPatch = function (xml) {
// reset
cartItemCount = 0;
currency = '$';
subTotal = 0;
var $cartData = jQuery(xml);
var cartLines = [];
currency = $cartData.find('symbol').text();
subTotal = $cartData.find('totalValueOverride').text();
// traverse the orderline
$cartData.find('orderLines').find('orderLine').each(function () {
var data = [];
data['availabilityLegend'] = getXMLValuePatch("availabilityLegend", this);
cartItemCount += getXMLValuePatch('quantity', this) ? parseInt(getXMLValuePatch('quantity', this)) : 1;
data['title'] = getXMLValuePatch('title', this);
data['author'] = getXMLValuePatch('author', this);
var price = getXMLValuePatch('publishedPriceOverride', this);
data['price'] = price.length > 0 ? price : getXMLValuePatch('originalValue', this);
data['price'] = data['price'].replace(',', '');
data['discountPrice'] = getXMLValuePatch('publishedPriceOverride', this);
data['discountPrice'] = data['discountPrice'].replace(',', '');
data['ean'] = getXMLValuePatch('ean', this);
data['quantity'] = getXMLValuePatch('quantity', this).replace(',', '');
data['format'] = getXMLValuePatch('format', this);
var volumeNumber = getXMLValuePatch('volumeNumber', this);
data['volume'] = volumeNumber.length > 0 && volumeNumber != '0' ? 'Volume ' + volumeNumber : '';
var partNumber = getXMLValuePatch('partNumber', this);
data['part'] = partNumber.length > 0 && partNumber != '0' ? 'Part ' + partNumber : '';
var edition = getXMLValuePatch('edition', this);
data['edition'] = edition.length > 0 ? edition + ' Edition' : '';
var lastModified = new Date(getXMLValuePatch('lastModified', this));
data['lastModified'] = lastModified.getTime();
cartLines.push(data);
});
cartLines.sort(function (a, b) {
return a['lastModified'] - b['lastModified'];
});
return cartLines;
};
var getXMLValuePatch = function (key, container) {
return jQuery(container).find(key).text();
};
var refresh_cart_patch = function (cartLines) {
if (cartLines.length > 0) {
var $miniCartDetail = jQuery('#miniCartDetail');
var $learningQty = jQuery('p.qty #qtyString', $miniCartDetail);
var $miniCartItems = jQuery('#miniCartItems');
var $subTotal = jQuery('#subtotalValue');
var cartItemString = '<span id="qtyValue">' + cartItemCount + '</span>' +
(cartItemCount == 0 || cartItemCount > 1 ? ' items' : ' item');
$learningQty.html(cartItemString);
var cartItems = '';
var itemDisplayCount = 1;
for (var i = 0; i < cartLines.length; i++) {
cartItems += '<h4><a href="/' + cartLines[i]['ean'] + '">' + cartLines[i]['title'] + '</a></h4>';
cartItems += '<p>' + cartLines[i]['volume'] + ' ' + cartLines[i]['part'] + ' ' + cartLines[i]['edition'] + '<span>' + ' ' + cartLines[i]['author'] + '</span></p>';
cartItems += '<p>' + cartLines[i]['format'] + '</p>';
cartItems += '<p>' + cartLines[i]['availabilityLegend'] + ' | Qty: ' + cartLines[i]['quantity'] + ' | Price: ' + currency + (parseFloat(cartLines[i]['quantity']) * parseFloat(cartLines[i]['price'])).toFixed(2) + '</p>';
itemDisplayCount++;
if (itemDisplayCount > 3 && CURRENT_SITE === 'cambridgeenglish') {
break;
}
}
$miniCartItems.html(cartItems);
$subTotal.html(currency + subTotal);
jQuery('#mobileCartQty').html('(' + jQuery('#qtyValue').html() + ')');
jQuery('.withItems').show();
}
else {
if (jQuery('#miniCartItems > h4').length == 0) {
jQuery('.withItems').hide();
}
jQuery('#miniCartDetail .qty').show();
}
jQuery('#cartQty').html('(' + jQuery('#qtyValue').html() + ')');
};
var addToCartPatch = function (data) {
var params = {
isbn: isbn = typeof data.isbn !== 'undefined' ? data.isbn : '',
locale: typeof data.country !== 'undefined' ? data.country : '',
page: typeof data.page !== 'undefined' ? data.page : '',
discountCode: typeof data.discountcode !== 'undefined' ? data.discountcode : ''
};
if (params.page === "schools") {
params['institutiononly'] = typeof data.institutiononly !== 'undefined' ? data.institutiononly : 0;
params['qty'] = typeof data.qty !== 'undefined' ? data.qty : '';
}
var urlTarget = location.protocol + "//" + location.host
+ "/wm-ecommerce-web/" + params.page + "/addtocart?" + $.param(params);
jQuery.ajax({
url: urlTarget,
dataType: 'xml',
success: function (data, textStatus) {
add_to_cart_successful_patch(data, textStatus, isbn)
},
error: errorCallBackPatch,
complete: completeCallBackPatch,
cache: false
});
};
/**
* firing google tag manager after adding to cart
* the try catch block will take care of the logic for firing GTM if applicable, which is for ELT ATM.
* @param isbn string
*/
function googleTagManagerPatch(isbn) {
try {
var gtm = new GoogleTagManager();
if ($.isFunction(gtm.addToCart)) {
$.post(
'/tools/packages/cambridge_core/titleService',
{"isbn": isbn, "data": "gtm_data"},
function (data, status) {
gtm.addToCart(data);
}
);
}
} catch (err) {
// Google Tag Manager is not loaded.
return;
}
}
}
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(window).on("load", function() {
$("a[href*='/elt/blog'], a[href*='/core']").each(function() {
var href = $(this).attr("href");
var urlSlug = href.split('/');
if (urlSlug[3] && urlSlug[3].length === 2) {
urlSlug.splice(0, 4);
href = '/' + urlSlug.join('/');
}
var startsWithEltBlog = new RegExp("^\/elt\/blog");
if (startsWithEltBlog.test(href)) {
href = CCM_BASE_URL + href;
href = href.replace('https://', 'http://');
}
$(this).attr("href", href);
});
if (CCM_BASE_URL.includes('//admin')) {
$("#global-nav a[href*='cambridge.org']").each(function() {
var href = $(this).attr("href");
href = href.replace('https://', 'http://');
href = href.replace('//www.', '//admin.');
$(this).attr("href", href);
});
}
});
if (window.location.pathname === '/checkout/vista_confirm') {
$(".container .row.cart-info").prepend('<div class="col-12"><div class="alert alert-info" role="alert"><div class="alert-icon"><span class="svg-icon info"></span></div><div class="alert-message"><p>Please note, your transactions may incur a foreign transaction fee, not included in the final price listed but will appear on your credit card statement. This charge is made by your credit card provider, not by Cambridge University Press.</p></div></div></div>');
}
if (window.location.href.indexOf('/academic/conferences') >= 0) {
$('.conferenceWrap').find('.seven.columns').first().addClass('twelve').removeClass('seven');
$('.conferenceWrap img.ccm-image-block').css('margin', 'auto');
$(".conferenceWrap .conferenceDetails").insertAfter('.row.conferenceWrap .columns.twelve h1');
$('.conferenceWrap .conferenceDetails').css('float', 'left');
$('.conferenceWrap .conferenceDetails').css('border', '0');
$('.conferenceWrap .conferenceDetails').css('padding', '10px 0 10px 0');
}
if (window.location.pathname === '/cart' ||
window.location.pathname === '/checkout/confirm' ||
window.location.pathname === '/checkout/vista_confirm') {
$(".item-quantity input.qty").on('keypress', function (e) {
if (!$.isNumeric(e.key) && e.key !== 'Enter') {
return false;
}
});
}
</script><script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/academic_footer.min.js.Download"></script><div id="pageslide" style="display: none;"></div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/bluebird.min.js.Download"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/updateHtmlLinks.js.Download"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var GTM = (typeof GTM === 'undefined') ? {
cambridgeId: "",
areaOfInterest: "",
jobTitle: "",
userType: "",
clientId: '',
currencyCode: "GBP"
} : GTM;
GTMCart.init(GTM);
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function() {
$('#ccm-nav-edit').parent().remove();
$('#ccm-nav-dashboard').parent().remove();
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/addthis_widget.js.Download"></script><div id="_atssh" style="visibility: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute; top: -9999px; z-index: 100000;"><iframe id="_atssh635" title="AddThis utility frame" style="height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 100000; border: 0px; left: 0px;" src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/sh.f48a1a04fe8dbf021b4cda1d.html"></iframe></div><style id="service-icons-0"></style>
<script type="text/javascript">
setTimeout(function(){var a=document.createElement("script");
var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
a.src=document.location.protocol+"//dnn506yrbagrg.cloudfront.net/pages/scripts/0023/2529.js?"+Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000);
a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}, 1);
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"5648947972","applicationID":"188665667","transactionName":"bl0DMBQAWhEDBkQMWVcXNBYPTl0MBgBIS0ZRSA==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":3333,"atts":"QhoARlwaSR8=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$('#ccm-nav-edit').ready(function () {
$('#ccm-nav-edit').remove();//remove edit
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
$('.openAccessLink').click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
window.open($(this).data('href'), '_blank');
});
});
</script><ul class="ui-autocomplete ui-menu ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all" role="listbox" aria-activedescendant="ui-active-menuitem" style="z-index: 19; top: 0px; left: 0px; display: none;"></ul><div id="ratePanel" class="reveal-modal medium">
<fieldset>
<div class="createReviewWrapper">
<h2>, create a review</h2>
<p>(If you're not , <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/at/signin/logout/">sign out</a>) </p>
<form method="post" id="review_form" action="https://www.cambridge.org/at/tools/packages/product_reviews/product_reviews" onsubmit="">
<input type="hidden" name="secret_security_token" id="secret_security_token" value="1600248657:e179aceb1afd53be1eaedefdcb6cc402">
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="ADD">
<input type="hidden" name="productID" value="428774">
<input type="hidden" name="entryID" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="action" name="action" value="ADD">
<input type="hidden" id="productID" name="productID" value="428774">
<input type="hidden" id="entryID" name="entryID" value="">
<div id="error_cont" class="formRow fullRow">
<div id="captcha_error" class="hidden_warning">Please enter the right captcha value </div>
<div id="rating_error" class="hidden_warning">Please enter a star rating. </div>
<div id="review_text_short_error" class="hidden_warning">Your review must be a minimum of 12 words.</div>
</div>
<div class="formRow fullRow">
<h3>How do you rate this item?</h3>
<div class="ccm-rating" id="ccm-rating-rating">
<input type="text" class="rating-star-control" name="rating" id="rating" value="" size="2" style="display: none;"><div class="rating-cancel"><a title="Cancel Rating"></a></div><div class="rating-star rater-0 rating-star-live"><a title="20">20</a></div>
<div class="rating-star rater-0 rating-star-live"><a title="40">40</a></div>
<div class="rating-star rater-0 rating-star-live"><a title="60">60</a></div>
<div class="rating-star rater-0 rating-star-live"><a title="80">80</a></div>
<div class="rating-star rater-0 rating-star-live"><a title="100">100</a></div>
</div> </div>
<div class="formRow fullRow">
<label for="review-text">Reviews must contain at least 12 words about the product.</label>
<textarea id="commentText" name="commentText"></textarea>
</div>
<div id="captchaCont">
<div id="captcha_left">
</div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>
<div class="formRow fullRow">
<input type="submit" id="publish_submit" name="Publish" value="Publish" class="button blue large">
</div>
</form>
</div>
</fieldset>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div><div id="profanityMessage" class="reveal-modal medium">
<p style="font-size:20px;">Review was not posted due to profanity</p>
<a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a>
</div><div style="display: none; visibility: hidden;"><script language="javascript">var ExpireDays=90;qstr=document.location.search;qstr=qstr.substring(1,qstr.length);function SetCookie(c,d,a){var e=new Date,b=new Date;if(null==a||0==a)a=1;b.setTime(e.getTime()+864E5*a);document.cookie=c+"\x3d"+escape(d)+"; path\x3d/; expires\x3d"+b.toGMTString()}thevars=qstr.split("\x26");
for(i=0;i<thevars.length;i++){var n=thevars[i].indexOf("\x3d"),switchCase=thevars[i].substring(0,n);switch(switchCase){case "sfmc_sub":thevars[i]=thevars[i].replace("\x3d","\x3d'")+"'";eval(thevars[i]);SetCookie("SubscriberID",sfmc_sub,ExpireDays);break;case "j":thevars[i]=thevars[i].replace("\x3d","\x3d'")+"'";eval(thevars[i]);SetCookie("JobID",j,ExpireDays);break;case "l":thevars[i]=thevars[i].replace("\x3d","\x3d'")+"'";eval(thevars[i]);SetCookie("ListID",l,ExpireDays);break;case "u":thevars[i]=
thevars[i].replace("\x3d","\x3d'")+"'";eval(thevars[i]);SetCookie("UrlID",u,ExpireDays);break;case "mid":thevars[i]=thevars[i].replace("\x3d","\x3d'")+"'",eval(thevars[i]),SetCookie("MemberID",mid,ExpireDays)}};</script></div><div style="display: none; visibility: hidden;">
<script type="text/javascript">window.lightningjs||function(c){function g(b,d){d&&(d+=(/\?/.test(d)?"\x26":"?")+"lv\x3d1");c[b]||function(){var k=window,h=document,l=b,g=h.location.protocol,n="load",m=0;(function(){function b(){a.P(n);a.w=1;c[l]("_load")}c[l]=function(){function p(){p.id=e;return c[l].apply(p,arguments)}var e=++m;var b=this&&this!=k?this.id||0:0;(a.s=a.s||[]).push([e,b,arguments]);p.then=function(b,c,h){var d=a.fh[e]=a.fh[e]||[],l=a.eh[e]=a.eh[e]||[],f=a.ph[e]=a.ph[e]||[];b&&d.push(b);c&&l.push(c);h&&f.push(h);
return p};return p};var a=c[l]._={};a.fh={};a.eh={};a.ph={};a.l=d?d.replace(/^\/\//,("https:"==g?g:"http:")+"//"):d;a.p={0:+new Date};a.P=function(b){a.p[b]=new Date-a.p[0]};a.w&&b();k.addEventListener?k.addEventListener(n,b,!1):k.attachEvent("on"+n,b);var t=function(){function b(){return["\x3chead\x3e\x3c/head\x3e\x3c",e,' onload\x3d"var d\x3d',q,";d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].",d,"(d.",g,"('script')).",k,"\x3d'",a.l,"'\"\x3e\x3c/",e,"\x3e"].join("")}var e="body",c=h[e];if(!c)return setTimeout(t,
100);a.P(1);var d="appendChild",g="createElement",k="src",m=h[g]("div"),n=m[d](h[g]("div")),f=h[g]("iframe"),q="document";m.style.display="none";c.insertBefore(m,c.firstChild).id=r+"-"+l;f.frameBorder="0";f.id=r+"-frame-"+l;/MSIE[ ]+6/.test(navigator.userAgent)&&(f[k]="javascript:false");f.allowTransparency="true";n[d](f);try{f.contentWindow[q].open()}catch(w){a.domain=h.domain;var u="javascript:var d\x3d"+q+".open();d.domain\x3d'"+h.domain+"';";f[k]=u+"void(0);"}try{var v=f.contentWindow[q];v.write(b());
v.close()}catch(w){f[k]=u+'d.write("'+b().replace(/"/g,String.fromCharCode(92)+'"')+'");d.close();'}a.P(2)};a.l&&setTimeout(t,0)})()}();c[b].lv="1";return c[b]}var r="lightningjs",m=window[r]=g(r);m.require=g;m.modules=c}({});window.usabilla_live=lightningjs.require("usabilla_live","//w.usabilla.com/b7da0fb612f0.js");</script>
</div><div class="usabilla_live_button_container" role="button" tabindex="0" style="position:fixed;width:0px;height:0px;z-index:99999990;right:0px;top:50%;margin-top:-0px" aria-label="Usabilla Feedback Button"><iframe src="./Modality syntax semantics and pragmatics _ Grammar and syntax _ Cambridge University Press_files/saved_resource(1).html" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" data-tags="right" title="Usabilla Feedback Button" style="width: 0px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; overflow: hidden; z-index: 9998; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px; background-color: transparent;"></iframe></div></body></html>